PENNSYLVANIA 



THE KEYSTONE 



A Short History 



SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER 



Governor of the Commonwealth 
1903—1907 




PHILADELPHIA 
CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY 

1914 



r/- 



Copyright, 1914, by 
Christopher Sower Company 



I 1914 



©Ci.A376H6 



PREFACE 

This work gives in outline the history of Pennsylvania. It 
is the outcome of long special study with more than ordinary 
advantages. The author has here indicated his view of the 
manner in which that history ought to be presented with 
greater fulness and detail. Much of the story has been based 
upon original materials preserved in the Library of the His- 
torical Society of Pennsylvania never before utilized. The 
facts which go to prove the unequalled influence of Penn- 
sylvania in the development of American affairs are narrated, 
but comment and opinions are omitted. Many heretofore 
accepted conventions have upon investigation been discarded. 
And, using the language of a recent author, '' I have been 
sparing of references that encumber the foot of a page like 
barnacles on the keel of a vessel and delay progress." 

5 



PRINCIPAL SOURCES UTILIZED 



Thomas' Pennsylvania. 

Budd's Pennsylvania. 

Smith's Pennsylvania. 

Proud 's Pennsylvania. 

Gordon's Pennsylvania. 

BoUes' Pennsylvania. 

Jenkins' Pennsylvania. 

Sharpless' Pennsylvania. 

Shimmel's Pennsylvania. 

De Vries' Voyages {Dutch). 

AcreHus' New Sweden {Swedish). 

Campanius' New Sweden {Swedish). 

Johnson's Swedes on the Delaware. 

Hazard's Annals. 

Pastorius' Umstaendische Geograph- 
ische Beschreibung. 

Falkner's Curieuse Nachricht. 

Pennsylvania Archives. 

Pennsylvania Colonial Records. 

Morgan Edwards' Materials for a 
History of the Baptists. 

Votes of the Assembly. 

Swank's Iron and Coal in Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Swank's Progressive Pennsylvania. 

Penn Manuscripts. 

Logan Manuscripts. 

Norris Manuscripts. 

Wayne Manuscripts. 



Potts Manuscripts. 
Jacobs Manuscripts. 
Moore Manuscripts. 
Penny packer Manuscripts. 
Westcott's History of Philadelphia. 
Smith's BouqueCs Expedition. 
Pennsylvania Gazette. 
Pennsylvania Mercury. 
Pennsylvania Journal. 
Pennsylvania Chronicle. 
Sower's Der Pennsijlvanische Berichte. 
Loudon's Indian Wars. 
Doddridge's Notes. 
Messages of the Governors. 
Journals of Congress. 
Brumbaugh's History of the Dunkers. 
Sachse's German Pietists. 
Rupp's County Histories. 
Bancroft's United States. 
McMaster's United States. 
Wallace's Life of William Bradford. 
Walton's Life of Conrad Weiser. 
MacFarlane's Manufacturing in 

Philadelphia. 
Wilson's Pennsylvania Railroad. 
Webster's Presbyterian Church in 

America. 
Learned's Pastorius, Pennsylvania 

Magazine. 



CONTENTS 



Chapter Page 

I. — The Indians 9 

II.— The Dutch 18 

III.— The Swedes 27 

IV.— The English 35 

V. — The Quaker Settlement 43 

VI.— The Colony 52 

VII. — The French and Indian War 63 

VIII. — The War of the Revolution 75 

IX. — The War of the Revolution (Continued) 88 

X. — The Beginning of the Nation 104 

XI. — The Rise of Democracy 113 

XII.— The War of 1812 118 

XIII. — Development 129 

XIV.— The Rebellion 141 

XV. — The Rebellion (Continued) 148 

XVL— The Later Period 160 

XVII.— Slavery 170 

XVIII. — Literature 177 

XIX. — Science and Invention 190 

XX.— Art 196 

XXL— Medicine 208 

XXII. — Law and Lawyers 215 

XXIII. —Education 222 

XXI v.— Iron and Coal 233 

XXV. — Industries and Occupations 243 

XXVI. — Transportation 253 

XXVII. — Early Religious Sects 262 

XXVIIL— Romance 272 

XXIX.— Poetry 278 

Appendix 291 

7 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



CHAPTER I 
THE INDIANS 



The American Races. — The name 'Tndians," though long 
used, is based on a mistake. When Christopher Columbus 
started across the wide Atlantic Ocean on his tour of discovery 
he was in search of a route to the Indies in Asia. The land 
he found he believed to be a part of the Indies. The people 
living on it were, therefore, called Indians. How or when they 
reached this continent is unknown, but they had been here 
long enough to have occupied both North and South America 
and to have developed civilizations of their own in Mexico, 
Central America, and Peru. 

The Two Great Indian Families in Pennsylvania. — The 
forests of Pennsylvania were occupied by two great families of 
Indians, the Lenni Lenape or Delawares, along the Delaware 
River, and the Iroquois, who, having come down from western 
New York, had taken possession of the upper waters of the 
Susquehanna and the lands to the west of the river. The 
Iroquois, either through force or deception, had secured au- 
thority over the Lenni Lenape, whom they called women. 
The tradition among the Lenni Lenape was that many ages 
ago they came eastward from beyond the Mississippi River. 

How the Indians Lived. — In the main the Indians lived 
by hunting and fishing. They had no horses, no cattle, no 

9 



10 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



beast trained to bear burdens, and no domestic animals except 
the dog. They had just begun to leave the state of pure 
savagery and to take hold of that of agriculture. To some 
extent they gathered together into villages, generally along 
the banks of streams where they could catch plenty of fish 




TEEDYUSCUNG, ON THE WISSAHICKON. 



for food. There was one such village at Coaquannock, the 
site of Philadelphia, one at Conestoga, in Lancaster County, 
and others in various places throughout the State. For 
houses they fastened together poles or saplings in the shape 
of a cone or sugar-loaf, covered them with bark, and left a 



THE INDIANS 11 

space at the top for the escape of smoke. These rude houses 
had but one room and were called wigwams. 

Food and Tobacco. — The Indians raised pumpkins, beans, 
Indian corn or maize, and tobacco. The work was done by 
the women, who were called squaws. When a couple were 
married the man gave to the woman the foot of a deer as a 
promise that he would hunt and bring home the meat, and 
she gave him some corn, to signify that she would cultivate 
the ground. Long before the coming of the white people they 
made pipes of clay and soapstone in which to smoke the tobacco, 
of which they were very fond. They dried and prepared the 
corn for the dish called hominy, and the squaws, with stone 
pestles and mortars, pounded the corn into meal and then 
made of it a bread, which we still imitate and call by the name 
they gave it — pone. They knew^ of the sweet sap of one species 
of the maple tree and how to make sugar from it, an art which 
we learned from them. 

Implements and Weapons. — Their implements were made 
of stone, jasper, quartz, and hke material, but they had no 
knowledge of the methods of smelting metals. They made 
axes, hatchets, pestles, drills, knives, scrapers, spear-heads, 
arrow-heads, beads, and ornaments from the different varie- 
ties of stone, often displaying great skill and even an artistic 
sense. These articles, as they were lost or abandoned, are 
still often turned up by the plow, and may be found in 
considerable numbers in every locahty in the State. 

They made bows and arrows from the hickory and other 
woods, canoes from the inner bark of the birch tree, and a 
kind of shoe, called moccasin, from the skin of the deer. Their 
canoes they managed in the water with great dexterity. They 
had some knowledge of the art of making pots from clay or 
soapstone, and the squaws wove baskets of straw and hickory 
with much skill. 



12 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Shells were sometimes used for saucers and spoons, and 
were made into beads and woven into a kind of money or repre- 
sentative of value called wampum. To their hatchets they 
gave the name of ^^dommehicken," and added to the English 
language the word ''tomahawk," which was our effort to ex- 
press the same sound. 

Every man among them was expected to be able to build a 
wigwam for himself and his family within three or four hours. 




INDIAN ARROW HEADS, SPEAR HEADS, AND KNIVES. 



They made boats, to which the English gave the name of ''dug- 
outs," by taking the trunk of a tree and with much labor burn- 
ing, punching, and scraping out the inside of the wood. 

Race Characteristics. — As a general thing the men were 
tall and robust, with broad shoulders, of a proud and stern 
demeanor, and both sexes had straight black hair, and were 
brown in complexion. William Penn says, ''they mostly walk 
with a lofty chin." The children were lighter in color when 



THE INDIANS 



15 



they were first born, but the squaws rubbed them with fat and 
laid them out in the sun to make them browm. This fact 
shows that they regarded a Hght color as an indication of 
weakness or a disadvantage. 




INDIAN AXES. 



How the Indians Made Bread. — Daniel Falckner, in 1702, 
gives this description of the squaws making their corn bread: 
'They make bread of the corn which they call Pone, and they 
make soup of it wliich they call Sapan. They sprinkle the 




INDIAN MORTAR AND PESTLE. 



corn with hot water, and beat it to get the peel off, and pound 
it small, sift the smallest through a straw basket and make 
loaves Uke great goat's cheese. They stick these in hot ashes 
and scrape the coals over them and so bake them. When it is 



14 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

ready they wash the bread off with water. Sometimes they 
mix red or other colored beans under the bread, which then 
looks as though raisins were baked in it." 

Pastorius gives a delightful picture of four Indians seated on 
the ground around a stewed pumpkin, which in great earnest- 
ness they were scraping up with mussel shells and eating for a 
meal. 

The Indians had great keenness of observation, and could tell 
from looking at the bushes and grass whether anyone had gone 
through the wood, and if so, whether he was European or 
Indian. They used native dyes and painted their faces. 

Medicines and Cures. — They had a way of their own for the 
treatment of diseases. For fevers they gave a decoction of 
walnut hulls and bound the head with hemp. They believed 
in the virtue of sweating. They built a wigwam just high 
enough to sit in upright, made it warm by taking in heated 
stones, and then the patient sat there and sweated. After- 
ward he plunged into cold water and was regarded as cured. 
They used roots, plants, and snake-fat as medicines, and with 
a sharp flint cut out briars and splinters and even opened veins. 

Religion. — They were, in their own way, religious and devout, 
believing in a God under the name of Manitou, who ''dwells 
in the great sun land." They could not understand why the 
white people should give so much thought and trouble to eat- 
ing and drinking, clothing and houses, as though they had 
doubts whether the Manitou would care for them. A chief 
said about God to Penn in the presence of Kelpius in 1701: 
''He maintains the sun. He maintained our fathers for so 
many, many moons. He maintains us. . . . He will also 
protect our children. . . . We trust in him and never bequeath 
a foot of land." They observed certain religious ceremonies. 
Two Indians started a song with notes of sadness and danced. 
The others gathered around them in a circle, dancing, weep- 



THE INDIANS 



15 



ing, clacking their teeth, snapping with their fingers, stamping 
with their feet, and uttering weird cries. 

Further Characteristics. — Their chiefs were chosen only for 
life, and because they were the most skilful in hunting and in 
war. In talking they were unable to pronounce the sound of 
the letter ^'r" and they made many gestures. Their thoughts 
were often poetic and their oratory forcible. These were the 
people who were living on the land, now Pennsylvania, when 




PENN S TREATY, BY BENJAMIN WEST. 



the whites first came. They welcomed the strangers with a 
kindly curiosity. Pastorius tells us that during the ten years he 
had lived here there was no instance of one of them using force. 
The Shackamaxon Treaty. — Soon after the arrival of William 
Penn he held a treaty with them at Shackamaxon, on the 
Delaware, met them as friends, and agreed to purchase their 
lands. They ever afterward called him Brother Onas. This 
treaty, painted by Benjamin West, became known all over 



16 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Europe. It was described as the treaty which was never 
signed and never broken, and it gave a good reputation every- 
where to Pennsylvania, which helped all of the American colo- 
nies. A wampum belt of beads showing this treaty came down 
in the Penn family, and now belongs to the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania, to whom Granville Penn gave it. 

An Indian Writes a Letter. — Abraham Op den Graeff came 
to Germantown in 1683. His old mother came with him, and 
within a few weeks she died. He sat down to write home 
about the event. Some Indians appeared, and one of the 
squaws took hold of the pen. He guided her hand and in this 
way wrote of the death of his mother. Thus the story of the 
first death in the little colony was told l^y the hand of an 
Indian. The letter is still preserved in one of the libraries in 
Europe. 

An Indian Chief Discovers Iron. — When Samuel Nutt started 
the manufacture of iron at Coventry, in Chester County, in 
1718, the mine of ore was discovered and pointed out to him by 
an Indian chief. As a reward he gave to the daughter of the 
chief an iron pot which cost four shillings and six pence, i The 
only contest with the Indians in Eastern Pennsylvania oc- 
curred in Hanover Township, now Montgomery County, in 
1728, forty-six years after the settlement by Penn, where a 
roving band of Shawn ees on the war-path came into collision 
with the settlers, and two or three were wounded. Upon a 
rumor of 'attack in 1689 Caleb Pusey went out, unarmed, into 
the woods to meet the savages. In 1728 two traders, Morgan 
and John Winters, were hanged for killing an Indian. 
V The Quaker Treatment of Indians. — The concessions of 
Penn, made to the settlers July 11, 1681, provided: 'That no 
man shall by any ways or means in word or deed affront or 
wrong any Indian, but he shall incur the same penalty of the 
law as if he had committed it against his fellow planter." 



THE INDIANS 



17 



The policy of the Quaker government in carrjdng out the 
law with respect to all men alike, including the natives, made 
a favorable impression ever\^vhere, and maintained peace with 
the Indians throughout all the early days of the settlement. 

Indian Humor. — Pastorius 
tells an incident which sug- 
gests even a touch of humor 
in the grim savages. An In- 
dian promised to sell him a 
turkey hen. He brought in- 
stead an eagle and insisted 
that it was a turkey. When 
it was dechned he told a 
Swede, who had seen the oc- 
currence, that he had thought a German, just arrived, would 
not know the difference. 

Indian Place Names. — The Indians have made a permanent 
impression upon the State in the names of such streams and 
places as Ohio, Monongahela, Allegheny, Susquehanna, Perki- 
omen, Wingohocking, Conshohocken, Manayunk, Passyunk. 
and Mauch Chunk, which are all of Indian origin. 




INDIAN CELTS. 



CHAPTER II 
THE DUTCH 

Race Stocks of the White Settlers. — Pennsylvania differed 
from all of the other American colonies in the fact that many 
settlements were made within her borders and many races 
contributed to her people. Numerous fibres were twisted into 
a cord, which grew strong. 

Captain John Smith Approaches Pennsylvania. — In 1608 the 
famous Captain John Smith, of Virginia, sailed up the Chesa- 
peake Bay to its head, and two miles further up the Susque- 
hanna River, where he was stopped by the rocks. He almost 
reached Pennsylvania, and some of the Susquehanna Indians, 
from what is now called Lancaster County, went to meet him. 
He says the calf of the leg of one of them "was three-quarters 
of a yard about," and he seemed ''the goodliest man we had 
ever beheld." 

Henry Hudson in Delaware Bay. — At this time the Dutch, of 
Holland, during a lull in their war with Spain, were sending 
maritime expeditions over the world. They sent Henry Hud- 
son to America. He sailed up the coast and, on August 28, 
1609, in his ship, the ''Half Moon," entered the bay now called 
Delaware Bay, and cast anchor. He reported his discovery, 
and the Dutch claimed the country. 

The "South River." — This was before his discovery of the 
Hudson River, and, therefore. New Netherland had its origin 
on the Delaware, called by the Dutch the Zuyd Revier, or 
South River. Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New 

18 



THE DUTCH 19 

York are the only American States whose territory was united 
under one government before the articles of confederation were 
adopted in 1777. 

On August 27, 1610, Captain Samuel Argall, from James- 
town, sailed into the Delaware Bay, and, remaining a few 
hours, gave it the name of Delaware. 

A Frenchman Crosses Pennsylvania. — Etienne Brule, a 
Frenchman in the service of Champlain, the first governor of 
Canada, left the neighborhood of Oneida, in New York, in 1615, 
and spent the following winter exploring along a river '^that 
debouches in the direction of Florida," and he followed it ''as 
far as the sea and to the islands and lands near them." This 
river was probably the Susquehanna, and it appears, therefore, 
that he crossed Pennsylvania and reached Chesapeake Bay. 

The Dutch on the Delaware. — Hudson's report of a land rich 
in furs attracted the attention of the Dutch, and before 1614 
five vessels came to Manhattan on the North River. One of 
them, in command of Cornehus Mey, sailed to the South River, 
and he named the cape at the east entrance of the bay Cape 
Mey, and the cape on the west Cape Henlopen. One of these 
vessels was burned, and her captain, Adrian Block, built a 
yacht forty-four and a half feet long, eleven and a half feet wide, 
of sixteen tons burden, to take her place. This boat, the 
'^Onrust," was the first built within the hmits of the United 
States. She was destined to fame. In her, in 1616, Cornelius 
Hendricksen, from Monnikendam upon the Zuyder Zee, dis- 
covered the mouth of the Schuylkill and first saw the site of 
Philadelphia. Here he ransomed from the Indians a Dutch- 
man named Kleynties and two companions, who had come down 
from the North River by land, and who were perhaps the first 
Europeans in Pennsylvania. 

The Dutch West India Company.— In 1621 the West India 
Company, with the exclusive right to trade on the coast of 



20 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



America between Newfoundland and the Straits of Magellan, 
was chartered by the Dutch Government. 

Fort Nassau. — In 1623 Mey built Fort Nassau on the east 
bank of the South River, about five miles above Wilmington, 
and here four married couples and eight seamen lived. They 
were the first settlers along the river. 

The Valley of the Swans. — Another settlement of three or 
four families was made further north upon the same side of the 




DAVID PIETERZOON DE VRIES. 



river. In 1631 David Pieterzoon DeVries, with thirty-two 
people and a large stock of cattle from the Texel, made a settle- 
ment near the present town of Lewes, and called it Swanendael, 
or the Valley of the Swans. After a few weeks he returned to 
Holland and left the colony in charge of Gilles Hosset. Un- 
happily, in claim of right, Hosset or some other of the colonists 
set up upon a pole a tin display of the arms of Holland. An 



THE DUTCH 21 

Indian, seeing the glitter, or thinking the tin could be used for 
making tobacco pipes, stole it and carried it away. The Dutch, 
regarding the offence as an affair of state, succeeded in having 
the offender put to death. Then the Indians killed all of the 
settlers, and in this tragic manner ended the first settlement 
on the west shore of the Delaware. When DeVries came 
again, late in 1632, to the South River he found only the skulls 
and bones of the people. He landed at Fort Nassau, at Ridley 
Creek, and at the site of Philadelphia. He published a book 
describing the country, and told of the fine river, of the vines, 
of the fish which were so plentiful that with a single haul of the 
seine he caught as many as would feed thirty men, of the 
thousands of geese, and of the wild turkeys and deer. 

The Dutch on the Schuylkill.— Wouter Van Twiller, the 
Dutch governor of New Netherland, who came over to New 
Amsterdam on the North River in 1633, sent Arent Corssen to 
the South River to build a new house and secure lands on the 
west bank of the river. Corssen bought from the Indians ''the 
Schuylkill and adjoining lands." One of the rivers on the 
banks of which Philadelphia was laid out still bears the Dutch 
name of Schuylkill: On this land Fort Beversrode was later 
erected. 

The Dutch and the English. — The Dutch claim of ownership 
was not conceded by other nations, and their settlements were 
much disturbed by intruders. In 1642 the Dutch commander 
at Fort Nassau, Jan Jansen, sent a force across the river and 
drove away a number of Englishmen who proposed to estab- 
lish a post near the mouth of the Schuylkill. 

The Dutch and the Swedes. — As early as 1638 the Swedes 
began to appear on the river, making settlements and entering 
into trade with the Indians. At that time the Dutch at Man- 
hattan were too busy fighting with the savages around them to 
pay much attention to the Swedes, but in 1645 Willem Kieft, 



22 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

the Dutch governor, sent Andreas Hudde to Fort Nassau, and 
the next year a Dutch sloop, loaded \\dth goods, sailed mto the 
Schuylkill to trade with the ^linqua Indians. The Swedes 
ordered her away, and since the captain was afraid of losing his 
cargo, he obeyed. Then in 1647 the sturdy Peter Stuyvesant 
became the Dutch governor. Hudde built Fort Beversrode at 
Passyunk. The Swedes cut dowTi the trees around the fort and 
erected a house between it and the river so as to make an ob- 
struction. Two of the Dutch built houses and the Swedes tore 
them do^^'n. 

Dutch Settlements on the **South River," or Delaware. — In 
1651 Stuyvesant sent an armed ship from ^Manhattan to the 
South River, and he himself came overland with a body of 
soldiers to Fort Nassau. There he bought lands from the 
Indians, and he called upon the governor of the Swedes to show 
by what authority they remained upon the river. He gave up 
Fort Nassau and built another fort, called Fort Casimir, near 
what is now the toTsm of New Castle, in the State of Delaware, 
below the fort of the Swedes, and in this way was able to control 
the river. 

The Dutch and Swedes Struggle for Fort Casimir. — In 1654 
Fort Casimir had a garrison of twelve men under command of 
Gerrit Bikker. A Swedish vessel came into the river. Her 
commander, at the head of twenty or thirty soldiers, demanded 
possession of the fort, and Bikker, being without powder, sur- 
rendered. The Dutch West India Compam^ sent orders to 
Stu}^^esant to recapture the fort. On August 28, 1655, after a 
sermon in the Dutch Church at Manhattan, Stuyvesant, with 
seven ships, three hundred and seventeen soldiers, and a com- 
pany of sailors, set sail, and on the following day entered the 
South River. That stream had never before seen so formid- 
able a force. It passed Fort Casimir, and on August 31st 
the troops landed between the two forts. In Fort Casimir 



THE DUTCH 23 

were forty-seven Swedes. After three demands for surrender 
the Swedes, on the following day, gave up the fort. There- 
upon Stuyvesant led his force to the Swedish Fort Christina 
and began a siege which lasted two weeks. In the fort were 
thirty men. At the end of this period, September loth, they 
surrendered, and in this way the Dutch estabhshed their con- 
trol of the whole of the South River. 

Colonists from Amsterdam. — Stm^vesant returned in triumph 
to ^lanhattan and sent John Paul Jacquette to take charge. 
Soon afterward, in 1656, the West India Company sold a large 
part of its lands on the west side of the river to the city of 
Amsterdam, which city sent Jacob Alrichs, Tsith three ships 
and a number of colonists, to be the governor. Around Fort 
Casimir had grown up a Dutch village, called New Amstel, 
afterward New Castle. Alrichs arrived there in April, 1657, 
with one hundred and eight persons, sixty of whom were sol- 
diers. 

The First Schoolmaster. — Among them, of more importance 
than the soldiers, came Evert Pietersen, a schoolmaster, who 
soon had a school of twenty-five pupils, and so began education 
in Pennsylvania and Delaware. 

Life at New Amstel. — At New Amstel the settlers had horses 
and cows, some of them driven over from iManhattan, as well 
as pigs and goats. They made bricks with which to build 
houses and baked tiles to roof them. They traded with the 
Indians for beaver and deer skins and furs. They laid out 
gardens, raised rye and wheat, and sent timber to Holland. 
One morning, September 6, 1659, Colonel Nathaniel Utie came 
riding into New Amstel wdth nine followers, and threatened, 
on behalf of the governor of IMaryland, to seize the place, 
giving them three weeks time in which to depart. Stuj-^^esant, 
at Manhattan, made answer by sending sixty soldiers to New 
Amstel, and Augustine Herman and Resolved Waldron to 



24 PEXXSYLVAXL\— THE I>;t:YSTOXE 

Marj'land, to demand satisfaction for the threats. Utie 
returned no more. Another ^-illage called Altona grew up near 
the mouth of the Brando-wine Creek, where the Swedes had 
buih Fort Christina. 

Troubles with the Indians. — There were some troubles 
with the Indians. The settlers sold them hquors in order to 
get deer meat and Indian com, and the results were harmful, 
since the Indians were led to commit depredations. In 1659 
two servants of ALrichs, the former governor, killed three 
Indians, a man, a woman, and a boy. In 1660 the Indians 
killed Jan Barentsen, a carpenter. In 1661 the IncUans killed 
four men near New Amstel. In 1662 an old man named Joris 
Floris, sitting on one of his teams of horses, as he drove through 
the woods, was shot and scalped. A little later a young man 
was kiUed only four himdred steps from the fort at Altona. 
Nevertheless the relations with the Indians were, on the whole, 
peaceful, and the settlers used the Indian runners to send mes- 
sages to Manhattan. In 1663 the city of Amsterdam bought all 
of the rights of the West India Company on the South River, 
and Alexander D'Hinoyossa, who had succeeded Alrichs. be- 
came the ruler independent of Governor Stuo-^'esant. He 
brought from Holland in 1663 one hundrerl and fifty settlers. 

The First Social Experiment in America. — Pieter Comehus 
Plockhoy, a Mennonite, bom at Zierik Zee, in Holland, was the 
originator of those sociahstic and commimal odews which later 
led Hawthorne, Thoreau, and Emerson to undertake such a 
life at Brook Farm. He wrote several pamphlets containing 
his views of the brotherhood of man, of ways for helping the 
poor, and of men U^-ing together in one society and hao-ing their 
goods in common. He went to England and laid his plans be- 
fore Cromwell, who listened to him. He also urged them upon 
Parhament. In 1662 he brought a colony of twenty-five 
Dutch Mennonites to Swanendael, on the South Ptiver, to try 



THE DUTCH 25 

his experiment in America. | He wrote a little book published in 
Amsterdam in 1662, describing his plan for a community of men 



Kort ea kker ont^erp, 
tiicncnDe tot 

EenonderlingAccoort^ 

O M 

©CK arbcpD / cntuS m motpt- 

DOOR 

Een onderlingeCompagiiie ofce 

Volck-p'sniing^onder de prorewtic vandcH: Mo; 

Heerea Stzzzr. Generaelder vereenigde Neder-iia* 

denjenbyfondcr onder hec gi:nlhggefag vande 

Achtbare MaglGracen der Scad AmTlelre- 

d..ni) aen de Zuyc-revier in Nieii-ne« 

der-iand op ce rechten^ Benaeadeio 

AllrrlznJt noo.'i;Tt Arrh^chTi-luyicny eii Megjfcrx 
'Vingoide kon'ten en zi^itiTjI-lapprt. 

*^et:nenticDpDetioo?-rcc{jtentaii f)are %c^U 

bd<r|i?j;rn ral^ [pft nauolgc) cotDitntpnOtD^clc^nt. 

t'Samen geflelc 

iW Pw/rr Cffrndij'h, Tkckhsy "jtn Zicrzk • t-f f, 'Vi»rh<mf<hfn en snJxrt 
L itf- bib's (Ti yi»» Nk'^- ntder' Usd.- 

t*ito(ler66ttl5ti);tJCbt tip Otto Barentfii Smieot, Anno i55a.' 



TITLE PAGE OF PLOCKHOY's BOOK. " VALLEY OF THE S"^AX5." 

engaged in handicrafts to be settled on the South River. It 
provided for freedom of conscience, that there should be no 



26 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

lordship or ''servile slavery," and that goods should be held 
and used in common. His colony had hardly become fixed in 
its new home before trouble arose. 

The English Claims and Contests. — The King of England, 
claiming rights through the voyages of Cabot, granted the land 
between the head of the Connecticut River and the east side of 
the Delaware Bay to his brother, the Duke of York. This 
meant war between Holland and England. Four English 
men-of-war, having eighty-two guns and four hundred and 
fifty soldiers, in 1664 took possession of the North River, which 
Stuyvesant, being unable to resist, surrendered. Then an 
expedition under Sir Robert Carr, with three vessels, was sent 
to the South River. He called upon Fort Amstel to surrender. 
D'Hinoyossa refused. The place was taken bj^ storm, in the 
course of which the Dutch had three men killed and ten wounded. 
It was the first real battle in the region of the Delaware River. 
Carr also destroyed the ''Quaking Society of Plockhoy to a 
very Naile." Under the treaty of peace made at Breda, three 
years later, Holland retained Java and other islands in the East, 
which she regarded as the more desirable, and gave up to Eng- 
land the lands on the North and South Rivers. In this way 
ended the Dutch efforts to colonize and form governments in 
this region. It is a period full of romance and interest. At 
the time of the English conquest there were a thousand people, 
perhaps more, living along the South River. The names of 
Cape May, Cape Henlopen, Marcus Hook, Hoorn Kill, Schuyl- 
kill, and Maurice River remain to remind us of the Dutch 
occupation. / 



CHAPTER III 
THE SWEDES 

The Swedes Come to the Delaware. — The settlements of 
the Dutch upon the North and South Rivers had the effect of 
stirring other nations to making similar efforts. Willem 
Usselinx, who had been the founder of the Dutch West India 
Company, feeling that he had not received proper consideration 
in his native land, went, in 1624, to Sweden, and there had an 
interview with Gustavus Adolphus, the famous King of the 
Swedes. The result was that he received a charter from the 
king to found a company for the purpose of trade with ''Asia, 
Africa, America, and Magellanica." This South Company 
was intended to establish trade with the New World, as America 
was then called, but it went into other ventures without much 
success, and in 1629 Usselinx returned to Holland. He still 
continued his efforts, however, and they finally led to results. 
Samuel Blommaert, another Dutchman, who had Imsiness in- 
terests in Sweden, directed the attention of the Swedish Chan- 
cellor, Axel Oxenstierna, to the possibilities of the copper trade 
with the West Indies. At this time Peter Minuit, who had been 
governor of New Netherland and was dissatisfied with his 
treatment, having been dismissed, offered his services to 
Blommaert, knowing that Blommaert owned lands on the 
South River. Minuit suggested the founding of a colony 
upon that river to trade with the Indians. A company was 
formed with the exclusive right to trade on the South River for 
twenty years and to send goods to Sweden for a period of ten 

87 



28 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

years free of duty. The ownership of the company was half 
Swedish and half Dutch. 

New Sweden. — The Swedish Government furnished two 
ships and a sloop, and Blommaert secured cargoes of goods and 
seamen to man the vessels in Holland. The expedition, under 
the command of Minuit, reached the South River in March, 
1638. His instructions were to set up the arms of Sweden and 
take possession of the country, avoiding New Netherland, to 
do no harm to the Indians, to name the country New Sweden, 
to dispose of his cargo, and then, leaving the sloop, return to 
Sweden. 

Fort Christina. — He built Fort Christina about five miles 
below the Dutch Fort Nassau and left iu it, when he departed, 
twenty-four men. Among them, a year later, were the Rev. 
Reorus Torkillus, the first clergyman in the colony, who lived 
for four or five years afterward, and Jan Petersen, a surgeon and 
barber. 

Distress and Fresh Supplies. — The colony was in such dis- 
tress in 1639 that the people thought seriously of abandoning 
the locality and going to Manhattan, but the following year 
another vessel arrived from Sweden with supplies. On board 
were four mares and two horses, a number of farming imple- 
ments, thirty-one barrels of beer, and colonists, made up to 
some extent of deserters from the army and people accused of 
offences. The vessel reached New Sweden April 17, 1640, 
and soon returned laden with beaver skins and other peltry. 
At this time the Dutch members of the company, who had 
owned a half interest, sold it to the Swedes. 

The Swedish Charter. — Another effort to send colonists to 
New Sweden originated in Utrecht. A charter granted to 
Hendrik Hooghkamer and others authorized them to start a 
settlement on the west side of the South River twenty miles 
above Fort Christina. They were to have what land was 



THE SWEDES 



29 




MAP OF NEW SWEDEN. 



30 PENNSYLVANLV— THE KEYSTONE 

needed, provided they improved it within ten j^ears. They 
could start manufactories and carry on trade. They were given 
religious liberty and were required to support ministers of the 
gospel and schoolmasters. They were authorized to appoint 
magistrates and officials, administer justice, and establish regu- 
lations. Being Dutch, they were to own the windmills. But 
they must submit to the Swedish law and government and pay 
a tax of three florins a year for each family. 

The Finns. — Under this arrangement a ship armed with 
twenty-five cannon and taking fifty colonists arrived in New 
Sweden November 2, 1640. She took back to Sweden 737 
beaver skins, 29 bear skins, and some other productions of the 
country. It was a difficult matter to find colonists. At this 
time there were many Finns from Finland scattered over Sweden. 
They lived a somewhat wild life, burned the forests, and shot 
the deer. Severe laws were passed, to which they gave little 
attention. They refused to go back to Finland. New Sweden 
seemed to be a good place to send them. The goveriunent 
ordered the capture of these law-breaking Finns. 

Johan Printz. — Among those engaged in the pursuit was 
Johan Printz, who was later governor of New Sweden. He was 
so fat that it might be supposed he could not catch a Finn. 
One of them who had cut doT\Ti six apple trees in the king's 
orchard was given his choice between going to New Sweden or 
being hanged. 

Swedish and Finnish Settlers. — Two vessels, on one of which 
were thirty-five colonists, many of them Finns, set sail in 
November, 1641, and arrived in New Sweden the following 
April. Among these arrivals were Olaf Pauelsson, Anders 
Hansson, Axel Stille, Henrick Mattson, Olaf Stille, Mans 
Svensson, and Per Kock, and their names are still borne by 
families in Pennsylvania. Tobacco soon became the main 
article of commerce sent from New Sweden. 



THE SWEDES 31 

The Homes of the Swedes. — When the Swedes first arrived 
with Minuit they built inside the fort Uttle cottages of round 
logs. The doors were so low that a man had to bend to get 
inside. There were no windows, but loop-holes were cut 
between the logs which could be closed or opened with a sliding 
board. The cracks between the logs were filled with clay. 
The fireplaces were made of stone or clay, and a bake-oven 
was built within the house. 

The Swedes Secure More Land. — When Peter Hollander 
Ridder, who had been appointed to command Fort Christina, 
arrived in 1640 he found the fort two miles inland near the mouth 
of Christiana Creek, so situated that it could not command the 
river and in poor condition, the walls being ready to give way 
in three places. Within it were five houses, a storehouse, and 
a barn. The colony had two horses and a colt. Ridder sent 
to Holland for cows and oxen. He proposed to saw lumber 
and to make bricks. In 1640 he bought from the Indians the 
lands on the west side of the South River from the Schuylkill 
as far north as the site of Trenton, and the following year the 
lands on the other side of the river from Raccoon Creek to 
Cape May. The same year the colon}^ received from Holland 
five horses, eight cows, five sheep, and" two goats. A wdndmill 
was set up near the fort. 

Govemor Johan Printz. — Whenever a Swedish vessel at- 
tempted to pass Fort Nassau it was fired upon l^y the cannon in 
the fort. In 1642 Johan Printz, who had been kept busy captur- 
ing delinquent Finns, was knighted by the Swedish govern- 
ment and appointed governor of New Sweden. He had been a 
lieutenant-colonel of a regiment of cavalry in the Thirty Years' 
War, and had been dismissed from the service because of what 
was held to be a too feeble defence of a city in which he had 
command. There is a portrait of him in the collection of the 
Historical Society of Peimsylvania. He was very fat, very 



32 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



solemn, and very homely. He set sail with two -vessels, the 
"Fawn" and the "Swan," loaded with wine, malt, grain, peas, 
nets, muskets, shoes, stockings, wearing apparel, writing paper, 
sealing wax, oranges, lemons, and hay, and having on board a 
number of poachers, deserters, and culprit Finns, and arrived 
in New Sweden February 15, 1643, after a stormy voyage of 
five months. 

Swedish Colonization Increases. — Two vessels reached New 
Sweden in 1644; a third, in 1646; a fourth, in 1648. In 1649 
a fifth vessel, with seventy 
colonists, was wrecked in 
the West Indies, where 
many perished and the rest 
suffered great hardships. 
With the arrival of Printz 
in 1643 the Swedish Colony 
on the South River reached 
its greatest importance. 

Printz Builds New Forts. 
—Printz built Fort Elfs- 
borg, on the east side of 
the river below Mill Creek, 
an earthwork with three 
angles, armed it with eight 
cannon and a mortar, and 

1 1 . ., . r. JOHAN PRINTZ. 

placed m it a garrison oi 

thirteen men under Sven Skute. The story is that later the 
men were driven out by mosquitoes. He built Fort New 
Gothenborg, in which were eight men, on Tinicum Island. 
This fort was constructed of hemlock logs and had four cannon. 
Provision was made for the planting of corn and tobacco. 

Printz Hof. — Printz built a mansion on Tinicum Island, 
"very splendid," with an orchard and pleasure house, and it 




THE SWEDES 33 

long bore the name of Printz Hof or Printz Hall. It was two 
stories high and built of hewn logs, while ovens and two or 
more fireplaces were made of imported bricks. There were 
even glass windows. He had a library and utensils of copper 
and tin. His wife wore under-linen and pearls and precious 
stones. She had clothes for Sunday and every-day wear. 
Their light was the candle. They ate rye bread and drank 
malt and beer. They ate salt pork, smoked pork, pork fat, 
salted meat, cheese, butter, and fish. He built a blockhouse on 
an island in the Schuylkill, later»converted into Fort Korsholm. 

The Growth of the Colony. — At first the cattle and swine 
were allowed to roam in the woods. There were in the colony 
a cooper, who made barrels, pails, and tobacco casks, and two 
blacksmiths, who made tools and farm implements. The 
colony had a saw-mill, a grain-mill, and a windmill. Affairs 
prospered so that Printz became bold, and not only contended 
with the Dutch, but suggested to the Swedish Government to 
send an armed vessel to the South River to prey upon the 
Spanish vessels carrying silver to Europe from Mexico. The 
Dutch, though claiming the country, very willingly sold the 
Swedes cattle and provisions in exchange for beaver skins. 
November 25, 1645, a fire started from a candle, burned the 
storehouse, Printz Hof, and everything within the fort at 
Tinicum except the barn. These houses were later rebuilt. 
In 1647 there were 183 people in the colony, but many of them 
were anxious to return to Sweden, and Printz himself asked 
several times to be recalled. 

The Early Meeting-houses and Preachers. — After the Rev. 
Reorus Torkillus arrived in the colony in 1641 or 1642 a meet- 
ing-house was built in which the services of the Lutheran Church 
were conducted. Printz built a church on Tinicum Island 
which had a bell and belfry. It was succeeded by a more 
imposing edifice in 1646, made of logs, with a roof of clap- 
3 



34 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

boards and having an altar with a silver cloth. At its dedica- 
tion John Campanius Holme took part. He became interested 
in the Indians, learned their language, and translated for their 
use the Lutheran Catechism, rendering the Lord's Prayer thus: 
''Give us this day our daily corn and venison." He wrote 
another and important work upon New Sweden with a picture 
of Niagara Falls and other plates pubhshed in 1702. Israel 
Fluviander, a relative of Printz, was another preacher in the 
colony, and they were followed in 1647 by Rev. Lars Karlsson 
Lock. 

Burial and Marriage. — The first person buried in the grave- 
yard at Tinicum was Katarina Hansson, in 1646. The first 
marriage in the church was that of Armegot, daughter of Printz, 
with Johan Papegoja, Avho commanded Fort Christina. 

Printz's Eminence.— Printz was a judge as well as a governor. 
He sat for the trial of offenders in one of the rooms of Printz 
Hall. The royal flag of Sweden floated in the breeze. The 
Swedish Coat-of-Arms, cut in stone, was set above the gate. 
At least one man was condemned to death and executed. 

The End of the Swedish. Colony. — The end of the colony was 
now approaching. Printz became anxious to be relieved be- 
cause of troubles around him and want of support. Oxenstierna 
recommended Johan Rising, secretary of a commercial college 
and a student of shipping and trade, as an assistant. He sailed 
with a supply of provisions and about three hundred and fifty 
colonists, arriving in New Sweden May 20, 1654. Among the 
officers was Peter Martensson Lindestrom, an engineer, who 
prepared a valuable map of the country. Another vessel fol- 
lowed the same year, but it was the last. Printz, after placing 
Papegoja in charge, left the colony in 1653. Rising showed 
much activity, but the troubles with the Dutch were only 
increased by it, and the result was their capture of the country 
and overthrow of the Swedes, as told in the last chapter. 



CHAPTER IV 
THE ENGLISH 

The English On the Delaware.— England claimed a right to 
the country upon the South River because of the fact that John 
Cabot had sailed up and down the Atlantic Coast. 

Captain Thomas Young and his nephew, Robert Evelin, 
under a commission from Charles I ''to go forth and discover 
lands in America," came to the South River July 24, 1634. 
They were at the mouth of the Schuylkill five days and made 
two attempts to get beyond the falls near Trenton. Young 
tells of the great number of birds and wild fowl, and that they 
caught forty-eight partridges as these were chased across the 
river by hawks. They built a fort at a place called Eriwomeck, 
which may have been near the present Camden, or at the site 
of Philadelphia. 

Su* Edmund Plowden. — Following their report of the country 
Charles I gave a grant of a county palatine, between the Hud- 
son River and Maryland, to Sir Edmund Plowden, who, coming 
to America, visited the Delaware River in 1643, and nearly 
perished at Chincoteague. It appears that he never brought 
any settlers to his county palatine, but when he died in 1659 
he described himself as Lord and Earl Palatine of the province 
of New Albion. The main result of this effort was a book pub- 
lished in 1648, entitled, "Direction for Adventurers and Descrip- 
tion of New Albion." 

The English Take and Lose Fort Nassau.— In 1635 the 
governor of Virginia sent fifteen armed men under command of 

35 



36 PEXXSYLVAXIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Captain George Holmes to the South River, and they took 
possession of Fort Nassau and the country. The Dutch gover- 
nor of New Netherland prompth" sent a vessel and force, re- 
captured the fort, and made prisoners of Holmes and his in- 
vaders. 

The New Haven "Delaware Company." — In 1641 some mer- 
chants and planters in New Haven, dissatisfied with the region 
in which they lived, determined to organize a Delaware Com- 
pany for the purpose of founding a colom^ and trading on the 
South River. The}^ sent as agents George Lamberton and 
Nathaniel Turner, who made some purchases of lands from 
the Indians and built a blockhouse. About sixty persons 
arrived from Connecticut. The trade proved to be profitable. 
A blockhouse was built at the mouth of the Schuylkill. Ar- 
rangements were made in New Haven to send a vessel with 
colonists and supplies. The Swedes and Dutch both pro- 
tested, and finally, in ]\Iay, 1642, two sloops arrived from 
Manhattan with instructions to expel the English quieth', if 
possible, but by force, if necessary. Jan Jansen, the Dutch 
commander, since the English would not "depart immediately 
in peace," burned their houses and sent the settlers as prisoners 
to ^Manhattan. 

The Duke of York and English Supremacy. — On March 12, 
1663-4, Charles I granted to his brother James, Duke of York, 
later King of England, the lands lying between the Connecticut 
and Delaware Rivers, and, as we have seen, after a war between 
Holland and England, by the provisions of the treaty of Breda, 
what had been New Netherland became the undisputed pos- 
session of the English. 

New York. — The city of New Amsterdam became the city 
of New York, and the South River became the Delaware 
River. Colonel Richard Nicolls, the English governor, hved 
in New Y'ork. He treated the Dutch and Swedes upon the 



THE ENGLISH 



37 



Delaware with just consideration and established a code of law^s 
kno^^Ti since as the ''Duke of York's book of laws/' which 
provided for trial by jury, rehgious freedom, and equality of 
taxation. They were enforced in courts at Hoorn Kill, Xew 
Castle, and Upland. He created a council consisting of Israel 
Helm, Peter Rambo, Peter Cock, Hans Block, and Peter Alrichs, 
who, with the sheriff, disposed of civil cases. 

The First Rebellion. — In 1669 Konigsmark, kno\\7i as "the 
long Finn," stirred up the first rebelhon in the comitry. To- 
gether with another Finn, named Henry Coleman, who under- 
stood the Indian languages, he went about teaching sedition 
and creating disturbance among the settlers and Indians. 
Madame Papegoja, the daughter of Printz, and Lock, the 
Swedish preacher, were 
said to have been adhe- 
rents. He was finally cap- 
tured, put into irons, pub- 
licly whipped, branded 
with the letter "R," and 
sold in the Barbados. A 
romance in two volumes, 
based upon the adventures 
of Konigsmark and bear- 
ing his name, was pub- 
Hshed in 1823. Nicolls 
was succeeded as governor 
by Colonel Francis Love- 
lace in 1667, whose term 
continued mitil 1672. 

The First Quaker Visi- 
tor. — In that year a visitor 

appeared in the country whose coming had great significance for 
the future. George Fox, the founder of the sect of Quakers, rode 




GEORGE FOX. 



38 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

through New Jersey, crossed the Delaware where is now Bur- 
lington by swimming his horse, and then, going thirty miles for 
the day, slept upon some straw in the house of a Swede. 

War Between Holland and England. — The same year came 
another turn of affairs on the Delaware. War again broke out 
between Holland and England. In August, 1673, while Love- 
lace was away in Connecticut, a Dutch fleet appeared before 
New York and captured the city. The English on the Dela- 
ware likewise '^made their submission," and the country again 
became a Dutch colony. Peter Alrichs a second time became 
the commander on the Delaware River. The renewed Dutch 
Government lasted only a year, when, by the treaty of West- 
minster, New Netherland was finally ceded to England. The 
lawyers held that by the conquest of the Dutch the Duke of 
York had lost his title, and that under the treaty the country 
became vested in the king. 

Governor Edmund Andres. — On June 29, 1674, Charles gave 
him a new grant, and he appointed Major Edmund Andros as 
governor. A court sat at Upland (Chester) and settled the 
little controversies of the colonists. Edmund Dranfton taught 
the children to read the Bible. 

Mills, Churches, and Homes. — The Swedes had had a mill 
on Cobb's Creek since 1643. The Dutch had another near 
Wilmington. A third was started on Mill Creek, a branch of 
the Schuylkill, in 1678. Mahlon Stacy built a mill at Trenton 
in 1679. Petrus Tesschenmaker, afterward killed by the 
Indians in New York, preached in a Dutch Reformed Church 
at New Castle. Lock, a Swedish Lutheran, preached in a 
church on Tinicum Island. Jacob Fabritius, another Lutheran, 
came to the Delaware in 1672, and preached at Wicaco. 

Conditions of Life on the Delaware in 1679. — Two of the 
followers of Jean de Labadie, Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter, 
from Frisia, in the north of Holland, passed through the country 



THE ENGLISH 



39 



in 1679, and have given a good description of its condition just 
before the coming of Penn. Jacob Hendricks hved on the 
island, opposite Burhngton, four miles long and two in width. 
It had belonged to the Dutch governor, who built good houses 
on it, sowed and planted, raised grain, and made it a pleasure 
garden. Hendricks' house was built after the Swedish fashion. 
It was a blockhouse made of entire trees split through the 




AN OLD PENNSYLVANIA MILL. 



middle or squared and laid one upon another, and fitted together 
about a foot from the ends without nail or spike. It had a glass 
window, a chimney in the corner, a planked ceiling, and a low, 
wide door. The travellers slept upon deer skins spread upon 
the floor. 

The Settlements at Tinicum and Christina. — Tinicum Island, 
two miles long and a mile and a half wide at the southwest 
point, below a marsh covered with bushes, had a sandy soil. 



40 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

overrun with garlic. Here were three or four houses, a little 
Lutheran Church made of logs, the ruins of a large blockhouse, 
and some log huts. Otto Cock, a physician, lived there poorly 
enough, but he had good cider, made from an orchard planted 
by Printz, and a fat ox. Upland was a small village of Swedes, 
among whom were some English. Here Madame Papegoja had 
lived and had planted great numbers of vines among the trees to 
shade the walks along the river. At Christina had stood the 
fort built by the Swedes, captured by the Dutch, and torn 
down by the English. Across the creek, where Stuyvesant had 
erected -his battery, lived Jaquette, who made good peach 
brandy, better than that of France. There were forty or fifty 
houses in the town. In one of them lived Peter Alrichs, who 
gave the travellers proper attention. Tesschenmaker had three 
charges on the other side of the river, and was away from his 
church, but a limping, crippled, and meagre clerk read a sermon 
from a book and made a prayer. 

The Settlement at New Castle. — At New Castle were about 
fifty wooden houses, a blockhouse, and some small cannon in 
the centre of the town. Along the river a Dutch woman had 
made dykes around the flats and her wheat produced a hundred- 
fold. At Wicaco, a Swejdish village, since absorbed by Phila- 
delphia, the travellers arrived wet, and slept in a room which 
had a stove and in a house where there were three children 
sick with the small-pox. 

George Fox and the Quakers. — George Fox, a man of peasant 
ancestry, was born in a little house where two roads cross about 
a half-mile from the obscure village of Fenny Drayton in Eng- 
land. One day in 1646, as he passed through the gate in the 
old wall that surrounded the historic town of Coventry, a spirit- 
ual Hght lit up his soul, and he saw clearly what had before 
given him much trouble. He began to teach a faith which had 
arisen among the Anabaptists of Germany more than a century 



THE ENGLISH 41 

before, had been elaborated by Caspar Schwenkfeld, of Silesia, 
had impressed the Mennonites in Holland, and had now reached 
England. Every man could read the Bible, relying upon an 
''inner light" which enabled him to know its meaning. No 
oath ought to be taken. No war ought to be fought. ( The 
sacraments ought to be observed in spirit, and not by eating the 
Lord's Supper or by pouring water in baptism. His doctrine 
was a protest. It was an assertion of freedom from Church and 
State in matters of conscience. He called his followers 
'Triends," and others who did not like them called them 
''Quakers." They were fined, put in prison, and whipped, but 
these punishments did not stop them. The plain people over 
in England and Ireland, and in some places in Holland and 
Germany, flocked to hear the preachers of this new faith. 
Among those converted by George Fox were George Keith, a 
hard-headed Scotchman, and Robert Barclaj^, of Urie, both 
of whom were men of learning, and the latter wrote an ''Apol- 
ogy," which came to be accepted as the chief book of doc- 
trine of the Quakers. Another of their preachers, Thomas 
Loe, addressed the students at the University of Oxford. 

Young William Penn. — Among those who listened was Wil- 
liam, the son of Sir William Penn, an Enghsh admiral, who 
had commanded the fleet in the West Indies and had fought 
many a battle upon the seas. The Admiral's wife was Margaret, 
the daughter of John Jasper, a merchant in Rotterdam. Pepys 
the diarist describes her as "a short, fat, well looked old Dutch 
Woman, who hath heretofore been pretty handsome, and hath 
more wit than her husband." The Admiral intended that his 
son WiUiam should follow in his footsteps. He had W^illiam 
carefully educated, gave him money with which to travel on the 
Continent, sent him to Ireland to look after estates there, and 
found a place for him in the army. The effort was all in vain, 
however, and William Penn became a Quaker. George Fox, 



42 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

as we have seen, had travelled through America, and as early 
as 1660 had thought of founding a colony upon the banks of the 
Susquehanna. A like thought had occurred to William Penn 




WILLIAM PENN. 



while he was a student at Oxford. The time now approached 
when the lands along the shores of the Delaware became a place 
of refuge for all of the sect. 



CHAPTER V 
THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 

The Quaker Settlement of New Jersey. — Edward Byllinge, 
a Quaker merchant in London, had become the owner, under 
grant from the Duke of York, of nine-tenths of the half-part of 
New Jersey. Becoming embarrassed, he, in 1674, sold his in- 
terest to William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas. 
Later Perm's interest was increased. John Fenwick, who, from 
being a colonel in the army of Cromwell, had become a Quaker, 
brought a colony mostly of that sect to Salem in 1675. Bur- 
lington was settled in 1678. Penn thus acquired a material 
interest in America. 

William Penn On the Rhine.— In 1677, together Avith Fox, 
Keith, and Barclay, he made a trip to Holland and Germany 
seeking converts, and went up the Rhine as far as Worms and 
the village of Kriegsheim. This visit paved the way for the 
later emigration of Dutch and Germans, and helped to make the 
people of Pennsylvania so largely German. 

Penn's Patent for Pennsylvania. — In 1680 Penn made appli- 
cation to Charles II for a grant of land in America, north of 
Maryland, to be bounded on the east by the Delaware River, 
running westward to the same extent as Maryland, and north- 
ward as far as "plantable." He based the claim upon moneys 
due to his father because of losses in the public service. The 
Duke of York gave his consent and the king issued a patent 
March 4, 1680-81. Penn wanted to call the country New 
Wales, but the king gave it the name of Pennsylvania. 

43 



44 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The Royal Charter Given to Penn. — The charter sets forth 
three objects: a desire on the part of Penn to enlarge the Enghsh 
empire; to promote trade; and to bring the savage natives by 
gentleness and justice to the love of civil society and the Chris- 
tian religion. I It granted to Penn and his heirs the land to the 
west of the Delaware River, beginning twelve miles north of 

New Castle, extending to 
the forty-third degree of 
north latitude, or to the 
head of the river, and west- 
ward five degrees of longi- 
tude; and made him pro- 
prietary of the country. It 
gave him power to make 
laws, set up courts, to trade, 
to erect towns, to collect 
customs duties, to make 
war, to sell lands, and to 
impose taxes. Copies of 
all laws were to be sent to 
England, and if disapproved 
within six months they be- 
came void. No war was to 
be made upon any State at 
peace with England. Any 
twenty of the people could request the Bishop of London to 
send them a preacher of the Church of England, who was to 
reside within the province without being molested. 

Penn's Concessions to the Settlers. — Penn issued certain 
concessions to the settlers. Every purchaser of lands should 
have a lot in the city, to be laid out along the river. In clear- 
ing the ground care was to be taken ''to leave one acre of trees 
for every five acres cleared." This was the beginning of forestry 




'BUST OF WILLIAM PENN. 



THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 45 

in America, f His view was that "any government is free to the 
people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws rule and 
the people are a party to those laws, and more than this is 
tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion." 

The Duke of York Conveys Additional Territory to Penn. — 
August 2, 1681, the Duke of York conveyed to Pemi the three 
counties which now form the State of Delaware. Penn ap- 
pointed his cousin, William Markham, deputy-governor, and 
the latter, with instructions what to do in the new province, 
arrived in New York before June 21st of that year. 

Penn^s Account of Pennsylvania. — Penn wrote a pamphlet 
called ''Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania," which, 
after being published in London, was translated into Dutch, 
German, and French, and scattered over the continent of 
Europe. He wanted to give a chance to the burdened people 
of all lands to find homes in his province. "Governments," 
he said, "rather depend upon men than men upon govern- 
ments." 

The Beginnings of Philadelphia. — He sent three commission- 
ers with directions to lay out a great town in such a way that 
the houses should stand in the middle of lots, making it "a 
green country town." I 

The first vessel, the "Bristol Factor," sailed from Bristol, and 
the second, the "John and Sarah," from London. Markham 
called a council of nine persons, which met at Upland, now 
Chester, August 3, 1681, set up a court at the same place, and 
so started the government. 

In 1682 Markham and the commissioners laid out the city of 
Philadelphia, whose name had been chosen by Penn in England. 
He bought lands, probably including the site of the city, from 
the Indians, and he tried to settle with Lord Baltimore the 
boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, which 
was long in dispute. 



46 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Penn Comes to America.— In August Penn sailed from London 
in the ''Welcome," with Captain Robert Greenaway and about 
a hundred settlers. The small-pox attacked them at sea and 
about thirty died. To Jean, the wife of Evan Oliver, a daughter, 
Seaborn, was born October 24th, almost within sight of the 
Delaware. On October 28th Penn landed at New Castle, was 
handed the key of the fort, was given ''one turf with a twig upon 
it, a porringer with river water and soil," made a speech to the 
people, and so took possession of his lands. The next day 
he went to Upland, whose name he changed to Chester. 




THE BLUE ANCHOR INN, PHILADELPHIA, 



Penn Lands at the Blue Anchor. — A few days later Penn 
stepped ashore at the Blue Anchor Tavern on the Dock Creek, 
now arched over, in Philadelphia. A few houses had been 
built, probably of logs, but some of the people arriving in the 
"Welcome" took shelter in caves dug in the banks along the 
Delaware. The house in Letitia Court was then being built 
for Penn. 

The First Assembly of Pennsylvania. — The first Assembly 
met December 4, 1682, at Chester, and sat for four days. They 
passed an act uniting the three counties of Delaware with 



THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 47 

Pennsylvania, and adopted the code of laws which had been 
agreed upon in England. These laws provided that no person 
acknowledging Almighty God ''shall in any wise be molested or 
prejudiced for his or her conscientious persuasion or practice" 
or ''compelled to frequent any religious worship," but shall en- 
joy Christian liberty. The death penalty was hmited to mur- 
der, a great advance upon the laws of England and of the other 
American provinces. Widowers and widows were not permitted 
to marry again within a year after the death of the spouse. A 
county court was required to sit every month and cases could be 
appealed to the provincial court, which sat quarterly. Par- 
ties were permitted to plead their own causes. The laws pro- 
vided punishment for "swearing, cursing, getting drunk, drink- 
ing healths, playing cards, scolding, and telling lies." 

The Provincial Council.— Before December 29, 1682, twenty- 
three vessels had arrived at Philadelphia. Three counties 
were soon formed: Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks. One 
branch of the government was the Provincial Council, consisting 
of not less than eighteen nor more than seventy-two members, 
chosen for three years. This Council prepared bills to be 
published thirty days before the Assembly met, so that everj-- 
body could examine them; saw that the laws were executed; 
looked after the peace and safety of the people; fixed the lo- 
cation of cities, ports, towns, roads, and public places; created 
courts and schools; gave rewards for useful discoveries, and 
summoned the Assembly and ordered its dissolution. 

Quarrels in the Council.— In the first Council sat Christopher 
Taylor, of Bucks County, who had taught the classics in a 
school near London, and had published a book upon the Latin, 
Greek, and Hebrew languages, with all of which he was familiar. 
In the second Assembly, which met in 1682, there were two 
of the Swedes and four of the Dutch settlers. Almost at once 
quarrels began. The Council disciplined Nicholas Moore for 



48 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

saying in an inn: 'They have this day broken the Charter. . . . 
Hundreds in England will curse you for what you have 
done." 

Public Schools and Education. — Education received early 
attention. The governor and council were directed to ''erect 
and order all public schools and reward the authors of useful 
sciences and laudable inventions." A law was passed ''to the 
end that the poor as well as rich may be instructed in good 
and commendable learning, which is to be preferred before 
wealth," parents and guardians should teach children to read 
the Scriptures and to write before reaching the age of twelve, 
and also see that they be taught a useful trade. 

Enoch Flower, who had taught for twenty years in England, 
opened a school December 26, 1683, at the rate for a term of 
three months of four shillings for reading, six shillings for read- 
ing and writing, eight shillings for reading, writing, and arith- 
metic, and ten pounds a year for boarding, lodging, and washing. 

Penn and Lord Baltimore. — Much of the time of Penn was 
spent in trying to fix a boundary with Lord Baltimore and in 
purchasing lands of the Indians. 

Treaties with the Indians. — His famous treaty seems to have 
been made with Tamanend, June 23, 1683, under an elm tree, 
which was pointed out to Benjamin West in 1755. In the 
treaties of Penn with the Indians no part of the payment was 
made in rum or strong drink. The same year he sent agents 
to treat with the Iroquois for the lands on the Susquehanna. 
This led to trouble, because the people in New York were 
afraid of losing the fur trade, and they tried to have Penn's 
province go only to the Susquehanna, to have it annexed to 
New York, and to have him removed as governor. Penn suc- 
ceeded later in getting the Indian title. 

An Early Colonial Coinage. — In 1683 Charles Pickering, a 
lawyer, whose name is attached to Pickering Creek, a branch of 



THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 49 

the Schuylkill, made and circulated the first silver coinage. It 
was considered an offence. He was fined and the money re- 
called and smelted. Unfortunately, no piece of this money is 
known to exist. 

French Huguenot Settlers.— In February, 1683-4, Margaret 
Matson, a Swede, was tried for witchcraft and acquitted. It is 
the only trial for that alleged offence in Pennsylvania annals. 
The generous spirit of Penn and the freedom of his colony be- 
coming widely known in Europe induced people from many 
countries to come to the Delaware. The blending of races as a 
result of war made Greece, Rome, and England great nations. 
Penn's love of mankind led to the same kind of blend- 
ing in Pennsylvania. Nine French Huguenots arrived in 
1G83, and there were many others among the incoming Ger- 
mans later. The Forney (Fortenai), Bushong (Beauchamp), 
Lefevre, Bertolette (the Bertolettes gave their name to the 
Bartlett pear), Bartholomew (Barthelemi), Dubois, and Boileau 
families are among those well known in Pennsylvania who are 
descendants from this race. 

Welsh Quaker Settlers.— Welsh Quakers, whose forefathers, 
the ancient Britons, had been driven into the mountain regions 
of Wales, began to arrive in 1682, and continued in consider- 
able numbers up to 1700. They wanted a barony which they 
could themselves control, and were given lands since called the 
Welsh Tract at Merion, Haverford, and Radnor, and in the 
Chester Valley. Among them were Thomas Lloyd, deputy- 
governor under Penn, David Lloyd, the famous lawyer, who 
became a tribune of the people, John Cadwalader, who founded 
a noted family, and John Bevan, a judge and a member of 
Assembly, who first in America exercised the right to bear the 
royal arms of England and France. Many of the towns and 
localities along the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad still 
bear their early Welsh names. 



4 



50 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The Settlement of Germantown. — Most important in its 
effect upon the colony and the future of the State was the in- 
pour of Germans. On October 6, 1683, thirteen men with their 
famihes, in all thirty-three persons, arrived in the ship ''Con- 
cord." They came from Crefeld and its neighborhood, on the 
lower Rhine. Most of them were of the sect of Mennonites. 
Immediately after their arrival they laid out the town of 
Germantown, six miles from Philadelphia. At their head was 




MERION FRIENDS MEETING-HOUSE. 



Francis Daniel Pastorius, a very learned man, a graduate of the 
Law School at Altdorf, who spoke and wrote in eight languages. 
The Development of Germantown. — In 1685 they were fol- 
lowed by other Germans, from Kriegsheim in the Palatinate. 
In 1688 Pastorius, together with Abraham Op den Graeff, 
Dirck Op den Graeff, and Gerhard Hendricks, issued a pro- 
test against slavery, which began the struggle against that in- 
stitution in this country. In 1690 William Rittenhouse built 



THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 51 

upon a branch of the Wissahickon Creek the first paper mill in 
America, and began to make paper. Germantown had for its 
borough seal a clover leaf, with the motto, "Vinum linum et 
textrinum," and for the water mark of his paper Rittenhouse 
used this trefoil. In 1694 Johannes Kelpius, a scholar who was 
at the head of the Society of "The Woman in the Wilderness," 
and Henry Bernhard Koster, who had made a translation of 
the Bible, came to Germantown. The same year Plockhoy, 
old and blind, with his wife, came from the Hoorn Kill, and the 
Germans built him a httle house and gave him a garden. John 
Jacob Zimmerman, who had been professor of astronomy at 
Heidelberg University, sailed for the Delaware with his wife 
and four children, but he died on the way. Of those connected 
with this settlement, sixteen had been the authors of books of 
more or less importance. 



CHAPTER VI 
THE COLONY 

Penn Returns to England. — After having established rela- 
tions with the Dutch and Swedish inhabitants along the Dela- 
ware and with the Indians, organized the province and set up 
magistrates and courts, and laid out the city of Philadelphia, 
Penn returned to England in the latter part of 1684. 

William Bradford the First Printer in the Middle Colonies. — 
The following year William Bradford arrived from England, 
Ijringing with him types and a printing-press. He was the 
first printer in the middle colonies. In 1685 he printed an al- 
manac on a single sheet of paper. In 1688 he proposed to bring 
out an edition of the Bible. In 1687 he published Magna 
Charta, the charter of English liberty, for the first time in 
America. Most of his books were printed upon paper made by 
Wilham Rittenhouse, who in 1690 started, on a branch of the 
Wissahickon Creek, the earliest paper mill in America. 

Thomas Lloyd, Deputy Governor. — When Pemi went to 
England he left the province in charge of Thomas LIojtI, presi- 
dent of the council, a man of learning and influence. 

The Keith Controversy. — In 1692 an event occurred, kno\Mi 
as the Keith controvers}', which had grave consequences. 
George Keith ]:»egan to differ with the Quakers about questions 
of doctrine, and to contend that the irnier light was not alone 
sufficient for salvation. He brought about a schism and, as the 
bitterness increased, he publicly called Dirck Op den Graeff, 
who was a magistrate, ''an impudent rascal," and said to 



THE COLONY 



53 



Thomas Lloyd, the deputy governor, that ''he was not fit to 
be governor" and that his name "would stink." Twenty- 
eight ministers presented a condemnation of Keith to the 
monthly meeting. Keith then wrote what he called an Appeal, 
and Bradford, who took sides with him, printed it. Some time 
before a man named Babbit had stolen a sloop on the Delaware. 
Three of the Quaker magistrates issued a warrant in the nature 
of a "hue and cry," and 
some men went out and 
captured the robbers. 
Samuel Carpenter stood 
upon the wharf and offered 
£100 as a reward in case 
of success. In his Appeal 
Keith twitted the Quakers 
with encouraging men to 
fight, with engrossing the 
government, and with sen- 
tencing malefactors to 
death. Keith, Bradford, 
and others were arrested 
and tried for publishing a 
seditious and libellous 
paper, and Keith was con- 
victed and fined. 
The Results of the 




CHRIST CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA. 



Keith Controversy. — In 

these trials the court left to the jury to determine the truth of 
the allegation and the question whether the paper was seditious. 
This was the doctrine which many years later Andrew Hamilton 
endeavored to have accepted in the Zenger trial in New York, 
which trial led to the passage of the English libel act. The 
modern doctrine of the liberty of the press was first amiounced 



54 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

as law in Philadelphia. The cases had other important results. 
They were made one of the grounds for depriving Penn of his 
province. They led to the foundation of the Church of Eng- 
land in Pennsylvania. Most of those who left the Quakers with 
Keith went back to the Episcopal Church, and formed the con- 
gregations of Christ Church, in Philadelphia, St. David's, at 
Radnor, and St. James, at Perkiomen. 

The Stuart Kings of England had been friendly to Penn, but 
after the Revolution of 1688 he was not in favor with the new 
powers. On April 26, 1693, Benjamin Fletcher, the governor 
of New York, was appointed governor of Pennsylvania and the 
three lower counties. 

Penn Restored to Authority. — Upon Penn's promise that he 
would himself go to Pennsylvania, and that the orders of Wil- 
liam and Mary would be obeyed there, the province was 
restored to him in 1695. He appointed William Markham to 
be heutenant-governor. By 1696 Philadelphia had grown to 
be nearly equal to New York in ''trade and riches." Its char- 
ter as a city had been granted in 1691, with Humphrey Morrey 
as the first mayor. 

Pirates. — The pirates who at that time infested the seas had 
been driven out of the West Indies, and they began to trouble 
the people along the Delaware. The famous Captain William 
Kidd, who was later hanged and whose hidden gold is still 
sought in the Jersey sands, was among them. It was even as- 
serted that some of the people were in league with the pirates 
and winked at their crimes. 

The Struggle for Popular Rights. — From the very beginning 
of the settlement there began a demand for greater popular 
rights, which soon led to a division into two parties. As early 
as 1685 the Assembly impeached the Chief Justice, Nicholas 
Moore, for using what they termed unlimited and arbitrary 
power. Samuel Richardson, a member of the Council, told 



THE COLONY 55 

John Blackwell in a meeting of that body that he was not a 
governor and was only a heutenant-governor, and his orders 
were frequently disobeyed. Under the administration of 
Markham the Assembly secm^ed the right to originate bills, to 
decide upon its own adjournments, and to remain in session 
through the term for which they were elected. David Lloyd, 
who arrived in 1686 and soon became attorney-general, was 
elected clerk of the Assembly and ere long became their spokes- 
man and the leader of the popular party. He may be said to 
have been the earliest Pennsylvania statesman. 

David Lloyd Defies the King. — A most significant event hap- 
pened in 1698. Because of troubles with the pirates and in an 
effort to collect customs duties the king estabhshed a court of 




AUTOGRAPH OF DAVID LLOYD. 



admiralty, of which Robert Quarry was the judge, and John 
Moore the attorney. The marshal of the court seized the goods 
upon a vessel belonging to a man named Adams, alleging a vio- 
lation of the law. David Lloyd went into the county court and 
sued out a writ of replevin under which the sheriff took the pos- 
session of the goods from the marshal and surrendered them to 
Adams upon his giving bond. At the hearing the marshal 
produced the letters patent from the king with the effigy of the 
king stamped on them, and the wax seal attached, enclosed 
in tin. Lloyd grasped the credentials, rose to his full height, 
and, to the astonishment and awe of all present said, ''What 
is this? Do you think to scare us with a great box and a 
little baby? 'Tis true, fine pictures please children, but we are 
not to be frightened at such a rate." He followed it up by 



56 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



saying that those who brought about the creation of the ad- 
miralty court were greater enemies to the hberties of the 
people than those who claimed ship money in the time of 
Charles the First. This was an open defiance of the king, 
and a suggestion that the fate of Charles might be repeated. 
Three-quarters of a century before the speech of Patrick 
Henry in the House of Burgesses in Virginia, it was the glimmer 
of the dawn of the American Revolution. Anthony Morris 
lost his judgeship, Lloyd was suspended as a councillor in con- 
sequence, but the seed had been sown. 




STENTON, ' HOME OF JAMES LOGAN. 



Penn Comes Again to Pennsylvania with His Secretary, 
James Logan. — Penn set sail for his province again September 
9, 1699, bringing with him James Logan, who was born of a 
Scotch family living in Ireland, as his secretary. Logan later 
built a country home at Stenton, and until the death of Penn 
continued to be his agent. He likewise became the leader of 
the proprietary party in opposition to Lloyd. The same year 
the yellow fever visited Philadelphia for the first time, and 
caused many deaths and much consternation. While here 



THE COLONY 57 

Peiin made further treaties with the Indians, and sought for 
legislation for their protection and for bettering the condition 
of the slaves. 

New Charters for Colony and City. — Under pressure from the 
people and the Assembly Penn granted, in 1701, a new charter, 
which gave greater privileges and lessened the power of the 
executive. The same year he granted a new charter to the city 
of Philadelphia, under which Edward Shippen became the mayor. 

Penn and His Governors. — Then Penn returned to England 
to oppose the efforts which were being made to have all of the 
proprietary governments, including Pennsylvania, given over 
to the crown. His selection of lieutenant-governors was not 
very happy. Since they had to take an oath of office and to 
participate in mihtary affairs, they could not well be chosen 
from among the Quakers, and were, therefore, out of sympathy 
with the people and the Assembly. 

The Quaker Principles Tested. — In 1706 war was going on 
between England, the Spaniards, and the French. The As- 
sembly took no means for defence. The lieutenant-governor, 
John Evans, concluded to test the principles of the Quakers. 
On the day of the annual fair he had a messenger sent from New 
Castle to announce that the enemy's ships were in the Dela- 
ware, sailing for the city. Then he rode on horseback through 
the streets waving his sword and calling for men to arm. IMuch 
alarm was caused. The boats in the Delaware sought shelter 
in the creeks, property was hidden, and women were frightened 
into illness. Only four recruits responded, however, and the 
Quakers held their religious meeting as usual. To some extent 
James Logan participated in this device, the purpose of which 
was soon disclosed among the people. It aroused much indigna- 
tion. At the next election the popular party was successful and 
the following year the Assembly presented articles of impeach- 
ment against Logan, which the governor refused to entertain. 



58 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Mennonites Settle in Lancaster County. — In 1709 a colony 
of German Mennonites from the mountain regions of Switzer- 
land, under the leadership of Hans Herr and others, settled on 
the Conestoga, in what became Lancaster County. 

Lutheran and German Reformed Sects Settle in Berks 
County. — In 1710, during the reign of Queen Anne, there was 
a great exodus of Germans from the Palatinate and the upper 
Rhine to London. From there they were, for the most part, 
sent to New York. Not liking the country or the government, 
they came down the Susquehanna into Pennsylvania, to the 
region which later became Berks County. Among them was 
Conrad Weiser, who for many years was relied upon throughout 
the colonies to conduct negotiations and treaties with the 
Indians. These people were mostly of the Lutheran and Ger- 
man Reformed faith. The difference in sentiment between the 
people of Lancaster and Berks Counties began with the settle- 
ment, and continues down to to-day. 

In 1702 Matthias Van Bebber, a Dutchman, made a set- 
tlement and established a patroonship upon the Shippack, in 
what is now Montgomery County. 

When William Penn died, July 30, 1718, there were about 
forty thousand people in his province. 

The Dunkers. The Scotch Presbyterian Settlers.— In 1719 
the Dunkers, a peace sect of plain people practising triune im- 
mersion, arrived in Germantown, led by Alexander Mack. 
About the same time the Scotch Irish, Scotch Presbyterians, 
living on lands in the north of Ireland, which had been taken in 
the reigns of Elizabeth, James, and Cromwell from the Irish 
Cathohcs, began to arrive in large numbers. Being mostly 
poor, they settled upon border lands, where they came into 
contact with the Indians. Their earliest settlements were in 
the lower parts of the counties of Chester and Lancaster, and 
upon the edges of Bucks and Northampton; but, in the main, they 



THE COLONY 



59 



went to the Cumberland Valley, where they were the pioneers. 
Being a sturdy race, they have taken a large part in the wars and 
politics of the State. 

From aboat 1730 the German immigration was so large that 
the English feared that the Germans would secure control of 
the province. One of the precautions taken was to require the 
captains of vessels to report a list of all their German passengers. 
The only practical result is that the descendants of these people 




A MORAVIAN MISSIONARY. 



know with greater certainty than any others the dates of the 
arrival of their ancestors. 

The Schwenkfelders and Moravians. — The Schwenkfelders, 
from Silesia, followers of Caspar Schwenkfeld, of whose views 
George Fox was the English exponent, came in 1734, and 
settled in what is now Montgomery County. Alone of American 
sects they set apart a day to give thanks for their escape from 
persecution, and have so maintained the 24th of September 
down to this time. The Moravians, under Count Zinzendorff, 



60 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Baron of Thurnstein, arrived in 1742, and founded the settle- 
ments of Bethlehem and Nazareth. They first reproduced in this 
country the highest class of music, and they established schools 
to which George Washington sent the children of his family. 

Early Scholarship and Libraries. — Benjamin Franklin, then 
in his eighteenth year, came to Philadelphia from Boston in 
1723. He had learned to print in the office of his brother, but 
he ran away before he had served his apprenticeship. Samuel 
Keimer gave him employment in Philadelphia and aided him 
when he opened a printing office. The Library Company of 
Philadelphia was started in 1731, the first subscription library in 
America, and the first meeting of its members was held in the 
house of Nicholas Scull. To it James Logan, a learned man who 
had collected a valuable library of rare hterature, gave by will 
its most important books. The American Philosophical Soci- 
ety, the earliest American institution devoted to science, was 
established in 1744. Ebenezer Kinnersley, who made a study 
of electricity. Dr. Thomas Bond, John Bartram, the botanist. 
Dr. William Smith, and David Rittenhouse, the astronomer, 
were among those who gave it the most attention. Franklin 
was the secretary, but none of his minutes are preserved. 

The Beginnings of Medicine and Science. — At the sugges- 
tion of Dr. Thomas Bond the Pennsylvania Hospital, the earliest 
in America, was organized in 1751. Matthias Koplin, of Per- 
kiomen, gave to it its first real estate. 

' The University of Pennsylvania had its origin in 1740 in a 
trust created for a charity school, and for the erection of a build- 
ing in which George Whitefield could preach. 

Ebenezer Kinnersley, Professor of Chemistry in the College, 
now the University of Pennsylvania, made a series of experi- 
ments upon the subject of electricity, and delivered a course of 
lectures upon them. Franklin also made such experiments. 
An article in Franklin's ''Gazette/' October 19, 1752, tells of 



THE COLONY 



61 



BIBLIA. 



Bit 





®it \M mnttU fiiff3cn eiinnnaricii/ • 

tfDgcfugttu ticlcii un£> ricitiflm (pnruaticiu 

'f» Mttm «it6 m-tm ^im efrd uil^ ' ' 
©itnifft ftp S-f)rifto|)& iaitr, 1743. 



TV*.? 



FIRST AMERICAN BIBLE IN EUROPEAN TONGUE. 



62 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

flying a kite and of pointed rods on high buildings. Franklin 
became famous in science, and of him it was said in Latin, 
''Eripuit fulmen coelo sceptrumque tyrannis." 

The Beginnings of Iron Industries. — Thomas Rutter, a smith, 
erected a furnace for the manufacture of iron at Colebrookdale, 
in Manatawny, now Montgomery County, in 1716, and Samuel 
Nutt built a forge at Coventry, upon the French Creek, in 
Chester County, in 1718. At the latter place Mordecai Lin- 
coln, ancestor of the President, for a time was a one-third 
owner. These efforts marked the beginning of the industry 
which did so much to create the prosperity of the State. 

Christopher Sower, the German Publisher. — Christopher 
Sower began to print at Germantown in 1738. He pubhshed 
three editions of the Bible and seven of the Testament in 
German before either book was printed in English anywhere in 
the country. His business is still continued. The Dunkers, at 
their monastery at Ephrata, in Lancaster County, started a 
printing-press in 1745, and on it was printed, in 1749, the most 
important literary production of the colonies. 

Andrew Bradford, PubHsher. — In 1714 Andrew Bradford 
published the first collection of the laws, edited by David 
Lloyd. He likewise published the earliest newspaper of the 
province, the "American Weekly Mercury," in 1719 

Penn's Family and Estate. — Under the will of William Penn 
his widow Hannah was given a power of appointment to dispose 
of the interest in Pennsylvania, which she finally exercised by 
giving one-half to their son, John Penn, and the other half to 
his brothers, Thomas and Richard Penn, jointly. WiUiam 
Penn, Jr., remembered in Philadelphia for certain escapades, a 
son by his former wife, made a claim as heir-at-law, but this 
was released by another William Penn, a grandson and heir of 
the claimant. The family all returned to connection with the 
Church of England. 



CHAPTER VII 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

Causes of the French and Indian War. — A struggle between 
England and France for the possession of North America was 
inevitable. They were rivals nearly equal in strength, they 
had fought many wars with each other of doubtful result, each 
was ambitious to extend its power, and each of them had claims 
to the continent and had fostered colonies upon its soil. The 
situation was such as necessarily to make Western Pennsyl- 
vania a field of the utmost importance in that struggle. 

The Positions of the Rivals. — The Enghsh colonies occupied 
a comparatively narrow fringe along the Atlantic Coast. The 
French sought to influence the savage tribes of the West, and 
to confine the English to the coast. They had settlements in 
Canada and Louisiana, forts at Toronto, Niagara, Detroit, 
and Kaskaskia, and minor posts which controlled all the chief 
waterways tributary to the Mississippi. The French had been 
in Canada since 1534, long before the settlements of Virginia 
and New Netherland. La Salle had explored the valley of the 
Mississippi to the mouth of the river as early as 1687, and based 
upon his efforts the French claimed the country within its 
tributaries. 

The Ohio Valley and the Lakes.— In 1749 the King of Eng- 
land chartered the Ohio Company and gave it a grant of five 
hundred thousand acres between the Monongahela and Ka- 
nawha Rivers. In 1753 the French built a fort at Presque Isle 
on the shores of Lake Erie, another fort called Le Boeuf near 

63 



64 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Waterford in Erie County, and a third, called Machault, on 
the French Creek in Venango County. Thereupon Governor 
Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent a young major, then twenty-one 
years of age, named George Washington, to Fort Le Boeuf to 
protest to the French commander against what were regarded 
as encroachments. He was informed that the lands on the 
Ohio River and its branches belonged to the French, and that 
the English had no right to trade there and would not be per- 
mitted to do it. 

The Importance of the Site of Pittsburgh. — It is plain that 
the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers was a 
vital and pivotal point, forming, as it were, the centre in the 
long French line from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the 
mouth of the Mississippi. The route dow^n the Ohio was 
shorter than that around the Great Lakes to the headwaters of 
the Mississippi, and nearer to the English settlements, which 
had reached the Susquehanna. Both nations saw the import- 
ance of this point, at which has since grown up the great city 
of Pittsburgh. Dinwiddle sent a force to build a fort there in 
1754. The French drove them away and constructed Fort Du 
Quesne. 

Settlements Along the Ohio. — While these threatening events 
were occurring Dinwiddle was offering for sale lands along the 
Ohio and Monongahela, claiming that they belonged to Virginia, 
and people from Connecticut were preparing to begin a settle- 
ment at Wyoming, claiming that the patent to Connecticut 
gave rights as far as the ocean. Pennsylvania had to protect 
herself against the intrusions of friends as well as the assaults 
of enemies. 

The Battle at Great Meadows. — Washington, appointed a 
lieutenant-colonel because of the energy he had shown, at the 
head of one hundred and fifty men, and attended by Jacob Van 
Braam, a Dutchman, as interpreter, started again for Pennsyl- 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



65 







/--^' 


F 


^^^ 

.^^ 


.. ' 




x:^ 








\ \ 

\ 

s 

\ 
] 
\ 



66 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

vania April 2, 1754. On April 25th he had opened a road as 
far as the Great Meadows, near the present Uniontown, in 
Fayette County. There he learned that a party of the French 
were not far away. Supported by friendly Indians, and led by 
Scarooyadi, a Delaware, through the night to the French camp, 
he made an attack upon it in the early morning. For fifteen 
minutes the rifles sounded and the bullets whistled. Of the 
English three were wounded and one was killed. Of the French 
twenty-one were captured, one was wounded, and ten were 
killed, including Jumonville, the commander. Only one, a 
Canadian, escaped. The engagement had momentous conse- 
quences in two respects. 

George Washington Begins His Career. — In these Pennsyl- 
vania woods George Washington first caught the attention of 
mankind, and here was begun a war which, ere it ended, involved 
nearly all of the nations of Europe and determined that the vast 
continent of America should be Teutonic and not Latin. Green, 
in his ''Short History of the English People," declares that 
"no war has had greater results on the history of the world," 
and in giving its causes he makes the significant event the fact 
that the French ''planted Fort Du Quesne on the waters of the 
Ohio." 

Fort Necessity. — Washington had scarcely had time to hurry 
his prisoners away to Virginia when the rumor reached him 
that Contrecoeur was at Fort Du Quesne with a force of one 
thousand French and many Indians. He threw up intrench- 
ments one hundred feet square along the bank of a little stream 
flowing through the centre of a meadow set among the hills, 
built a palisade with a trench outside, and called it, because of 
the lack of provisions, "Fort Necessity." 

The Fight at Fort Necessity. — He received a reinforcement 
which increased his force to three hundred men and later a 
hundred more came from South Carolina. With this force he 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 67 

advanced thirteen miles toward Fort Du Quesne, but learning 
that the French were strong and coming to meet him, he returned 
to Fort Necessity. Five hundred French and several hundred 
Indians surrounded him. All through July 3d the firing was 
kept up, those within the fort being huddled together in danger 
and discomfort, until twelve had been killed and forty-three 
wounded. 

Washington Surrenders Fort Necessity.— On July 4th, a day 
famous in American annals, Washington surrendered the fort, 
abandoned a large flag, agreed to return the prisoners sent to 
Virginia, and, worst of all, signed papers which referred in French 
to the "assassination" of Jumonville. He was then permitted 
to march out with his troops and to take with him the military 
stores except the artillery. Dinwiddie reduced his rank to that 
of captain, and refused to return the prisoners, whereupon 
Washington resigned from the service. 

The Albany Convention.— The situation in Pennsylvania, and 
the efforts to mollify the Indians and drive the French from her 
borders, led to a conference of commissioners from a number 
of the colonies at Albany in 1754. To this conference Franklin 
took a plan of union, which, with some changes, was adopted. 
It did not meet home support, but it suggested a movement 
which twenty years later succeeded. The same year the chiefs 
of the Six Nations sold a vast tract of the Susquehanna to the 
proprietaries. The Assembly, providing for the needs then 
urgent, authorized the raising of £40,000 upon loans and voted 
£15,000 to the king's use, which meant war. 

Braddock in Command.— The king sent two regiments of 
foot soldiers to Virginia, and ordered the recruiting of two other 
regiments in America, and made Edward Braddock, a brave and 
disciplined general, commander in chief. He had directions 
to proceed against the French on the Ohio. Two hundred 
men enlisted from Pennsylvania and the Assembly voted £5000 



68 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

for Braddock, £10,000 for provisions for the forces in Virginia, 
£10,000 for provisions for the forces in New England, and £5000 
for supphes for Indians, roads, and wagons. Braddock landed 
at Alexandria with his army. Washington offered his services 
as an aide, and because of his experience was accepted. 

Defeat of Braddock. — Franklin, by giving his own bond, 
secured a supply of one hundred and fifty wagons and fifteen 
hundred horses in eastern Pennsylvania. Three hundred men 
were put at work cutting a road westward from Fort Loudon. 
The army started from Cumberland, Maryland, for Fort Du 
Quesne, cutting a road as they advanced. All went slowly, but 
well, until they reached a point about seven miles from the fort 
on the morning of Jul}^ 9, 1755. Here they were attacked by 
about two hundred and fifty French and six hundred and fifty 
Indians. Braddock, who had a contempt for the Indians and 
provincials, advanced his army in three columns: the first of 
three hundred men with two cannon, the second of two hundred 
men, and the third with, eight hundred men and artillery. 

When the British opened fire the enemy yielded in front, 
but attacked along the flanks from behind trees. The provin- 
cials, used to this kind of fighting, wanted to pursue the same 
course, but Braddock, angry at the suggestion, called them 
cowards. The battle lasted three hours. Sixty officers were 
killed or wounded. Braddock, mortally wounded, died at the 
Great Meadows, and was buried in a clump of trees along the 
road-side. Washington had two horses killed under him, and 
came out of the battle with four bullet holes through his coat. 
Only three hundred men escaped, leaving their artillery in the 
hands of the enemy. The battle has been described as "the 
most extraordinary victory and the longest flight ever known." 
The result of the defeat of Braddock was that all of Pennsyl- 
vania west of the AUeghanies was abandoned to the French. 
The Delaware Indians, remembering the walking purchase in 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



69 










C^^^^^. ^'"•"' -" 




70 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

which they felt wronged, weakened in their allegiance and 
became aggressive, and for the next three years no settler's 
home along the border was safe. 

Indian Ravages. — At Mahanoy, in October, 1755, a German 
woman found two people killed and scalped lying at a neigh- 
bor's door. On Penn's Creek thirteen men and women were 
murdered, and twelve women and children were carried away. 
The Indians crossed the Susquehanna and killed several near 
Hunter's Mill, not far from Harris Ferry, now Harrisburg. 
In November six persons were killed at Gnadenhutten, now 
Northampton County. In December the country was laid 
waste to within twenty miles of Easton. Several farmhouses 
between Gnadenhutten and Nazareth were burned. 

Colonel John Armstrong Destroys the Indian Town at Kittan- 
ning. — August 1, 1756, the French and Indians captured Fort 
Granville at Lewiston. The Indians committed atrocities 
throughout the counties of Cumberland, Lancaster, Berks, and 
Northampton, and came within fifty miles of Philadelphia. 
It was this period and this region which developed Indian fight- 
ers like Brady and Wetzel, and renegades like McKee and Girty, 
noted in the annals of the West. The Indians did not, how- 
ever, have it all their own way. September 7, 1756, Colonel 
John Armstrong, of Carlisle, with four companies, attacked Kit- 
tanning, the main town of the savages on the Ohio, destroyed 
the cornfields, burnt the wigwams, and killed and scalped the 
inmates. Armstrong was wounded, but came home in safety. 
Through it all the Assembly and the governor were disputing 
about means. The Assembly, controlled by the Quaker and 
German peace sects, thought that the methods of Penn would 
secure peace, and they endeavored to maintain their convic- 
tions. 

The Frontier Forts. — The governor wanted the means of 
W^-rfare without any lessening of power. A chain of forts and 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 71 

blockhouses was established along the foot of the Blue Ridge 
from the Delaware River to Maryland. Colonel William 
Moore, of Moore Hall, in Chester County, and Conrad Weiser, 
of Berks County, wrote that armed men were going to the city 
to compel the passage of a militia law. 

The Capture of Fort Du Quesne.— Late in 1757 William Pitt, 
representing the king, determined to make another attempt 
against Fort Du Quesne, with a strong force under command 
of General John Forbes. The Assembly voted to raise two 
thousand seven hundred men, and appropriated £100,000 for 






BLOCK HOUSE AT PITTSBURGH. 

military purposes. There were eleven hundred French in Fort 
Du Quesne. 

By April, 1758, Forbes had organized seven thousand men. 
The Pennsylvania Regiment was commanded by Colonel 
Joseph Shippen, and was composed of three battalions, the 
first under Colonel John Armstrong, the second under Colonel 
James Burd, and the third under Colonel Hugh Mercer. Be- 
sides the two thousand seven hundred Pennsylvanians, there 
were twelve hundred regulars, three hundred and fifty of the 
Royal Provincial Regiment, and sixteen hundred Virginians, 



72 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

under George Washington. Henry Bouquet, a Swiss German, 
had the advance. He determined to cut a new road from Rays- 
town. Washington thought the Braddock road ought to be 
used and predicted ''our enterprise will be ruined." Forbes, 
influenced by Pennsylvania thought, agreed with Bouquet. 
He was ill with inflammation of the stomach and was carried in 
a litter from Carlisle. 

On September 14th Grant, of the Highlanders, with eight 
hundred men, reached a hill from which he had a view of Fort 
Du Quesne, but here he was cut off, captured, and lost two 
hundred and seventy-three men. Nevertheless the army 
pushed on, and instead of resting for the winter at Loyal Hanna, 
as Washington predicted, marched straight to the walls of the 
fort, which they reached on the 25th of November, ready for 
battle or siege. But, behold! the enemy, in danger of being 
overpowered, had burnt the barracks, blown up the fortifica- 
tions, and deserted the fort. The centre of the French line 
had been pierced and broken, and thereafter the French little 
by little lost their hold on the American continent. It was one 
of the most interesting events of the nation, if not of the world. 

Major-general Stanwix spent the winter of 1759-60 at 
Pittsburgh; he mounted artillery, and erected casemates and 
barracks, and firmly established the British interest and 
empire on the Ohio. 

Fort Du Quesne Becomes Fort Pitt. — The fort was rebuilt 
and called ''Fort Pitt," preserving on this side of the Atlantic 
the memory of the great statesman. Forbes was carried 
back to Philadelphia to die and there to be buried in Christ 
Church yard. 

The * 'Conspiracy" of Pontiac. — In 1763 the savages, angered 
by the losses of the French and by finding the English settlers 
pressing upon them, organized a combination which has been 
called a conspiracy, under Pontiac, a man of patriotic senti- 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



73 



ment and great natural ability. It nearly succeeded and many 
English forts were captured. 

In Pennsylvania there were murders and burnings all around 
Forts Pitt, Le Boeuf, and Presque Isle; many were killed at 
Bedford, and even Fort Augusta, on the Susquehanna at Sun- 
bury, was threatened. 

Henry Bouquet, a most 
energetic and capable man, 
took a battalion of the 
Royal American Regiment 
and two companies of High- 
landers and English and 
started from Philadelphia 
for Fort Pitt. He found 
Carlisle crowded with fugi- 
tives, and learned that 
Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, and 
Venango, now English forts, 
had fallen. Homes were 
burning all through the 
neighboring valleys. 

With five hundred men 
Bouquet pushed over the 
mountains to Bedford and 

Fort Ligonier, which he relieved from a siege just in time. 
At Bedford thirty hunters with rifles joined him. He heard 
from Fort Pitt that the commander and nine others had been 
wounded. 

The Battle of Bushy Run. — At Bushy Run, on July 5th, the 
Indians made a desperate and furious attack, and in seven 
hours he had lost sixty officers and men. Through the night 
the troops were without water. The next morning the attack 
was renewed with equal vigor. Bouquet had, however, ar- 





/O^^^^^^^^^^-^^"^— 



74 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

ranged his men somewhat in the shape of a circle, with instruc- 
tions to the men who were in the most exposed place to give 
way. The Indians, sure of victory, followed, only to find them- 
selves between two fires, and they were utterly routed and 
retreated beyond the Ohio. 

Bouquet Reaches Fort Pitt. — ^Vith a loss of eight officers and 
one hmidred and fifteen men Bouquet marched into Fort Pitt. 
It was the most serious defeat ever inflicted upon the Indians 
down to that time. The next year Bouquet led an expedition 
beyond the Ohio, but the Indians sued for peace and he com- 
pelled them to bring all their captives to Fort Pitt, where their 
friends came to identify them. 

The Story of Regina Hartman. — It was a most impressive 
scene, painted upon canvas later by Benjamin \Vest. Among 
the parishioners of Henry ]\Ielchior ^luhlenberg was a pious 
Lutheran family named Hartman. The good mother had 
taught the children, among whom was a little girl named 
Regina, to sing a hynm beginning — 

"Allein, allein und doch nicht ganz allein, 
Bin ich in meiner einsamkeit." 

One day in 1755 the Indians killed the father and brother, 
burned the house, and carried Regina to the Ohio. Those of 
the Bouquet captives who could not be identified at Fort Pitt 
were brought to Carlisle. The good mother went there, found 
a swarthy maiden who could only talk in the Indian tongue, 
and every effort at recognition failed. Then the thought oc- 
curred to her to sing the hymn. The girl, reviving the memor- 
ies of childhood, took up the refrain and ran into her mother's 
arms. This affecting and pathetic incident was written to 
Halle, by Aluhlenberg, and there published at the time of the 
occurrence. Pennsylvania ought ever to cherish the memories 
of Bouquet and of the battle of Bushy Run, 



CHAPTER VIII 
THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 

England and Her Colonies.— The struggle with the French, 
supported by the Indians, had scarcely ended before those 
differences began to arise bet^Yeen England and her colonies 
which led up to the War of the Revolution. In fact, the under- 
lying cause of that war was the effort of England to impose 
upon the colonies some of the burden and expense of her strug- 
gle with France. So long as a powerful enemy threatened 
the colonies there was little likehhood of revolution. In the 
intervening period between the two wars there occurred some 
events which it is necessary to narrate. 

*The Paxton Boys."— The Scotch-Irish, living along the 
borders, looked with little s}Tnpathy upon the policy of the 
Quakers, who controlled the Assembly, with respect to the 
Indians. There had been since the days of the settlement a 
village of peaceable and to some extent civilized Indians at 
Conestoga, in Lancaster County. On December 14, 1763, a 
number of young men, known as Paxton Boys, fell upon these 
Indians and killed and scalped all who were then at home 
except one boy. In order to keep the rest of the tribe, nmiiber- 
ing fourteen, in safety the agents of the proprietaries took them 
to Lancaster and put them in the jail in that town. The 
governor issued a proclamation and sought to bring the per- 
petrators to justice. A few days later about a hundred Paxton 
Boys rode into Lancaster, broke open the jail, and, dragging 

75 



76 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



out the captives, killed them all. They then threatened to go 
to Philadelphia and kill the Moravian Indians on Province 
Island. The governor offered a reward of £200 for the convic- 
tion of any three of the participants. The Indians were lodged 
in the barracks in the city. It was reported that the Paxton 
Boys were on the march. Cannon were planted around the 
barracks; volunteers were called into the service, and alarm 
bells were rung. About two hundred of the rioters crossed the 
Schuylkill at Swedesford and advanced to Germantown, but 




THE P.\XTON BOYS KILLING FRIENDLY INDIANS AT LANCASTER. 



when they learned of the preparations for their reception they 
wisely halted. 

The Revolt Against Proprietary Government. — In 1764 an 
effort was made to change the form of government by taking 
the power from the hands of the proprietaries and vesting it in 
the crown. Had the movement been successful the effect would 
have been to have made Pennsylvania a royal province. Its 
strongest advocate was Joseph Galloway, a leading lawyer, who 
later became a Tory during the war. His chief supporter was 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 77 

Benjamin Franklin. The project was opposed by John Dick- 
inson, also a leading lawyer, who, more than any other man in 
the comitry, gave logical shape to the position of the colonies 
in the approaching struggle. Galloway succeeded in having 
resolutions in favor of the change passed by the Assembly. 
At the next election both Galloway and Franklin were defeated, 
but the Assembly refused to rescind its action, and sent Franklin 
to England as the agent of the province. 

Mason and Dixon's Line.— In 1767 two surveyors, named 
Mason and Dixon, fixed the boundary-line between Maryland 
and Pennsylvania, and, all unkno^\^l to them, it later became 
famous as the line between the free and the slave States. 

The Connecticut Immigration.— In 1768 the Susquehanna 
Company of Comiecticut prepared to press their claim to lands 
at Wyoming. About forty persons arrived, many of them 
armed. Three were arrested by the sheriff of Northampton 
County, and later he found two houses built. After some re- 
sistance he made thirty-one prisoners. Several hundred more 
emigrants followed, and in June twenty log houses, with loop- 
holes for the use of guns, had been erected. Much bad feeling 
resulted. One man was killed and several were wounded. 
It has been called the Pennamite War. The Coimecticut men 
were able to hold the ground, and, forming a government, con- 
nected themselves with their native State. In 1782 Congress 
decided that Pennsylvania was entitled to the lands, and the 
matter was finally settled in 1799 by the Connecticut people 
pa^dng a small price and retaining their homes. 

David Rittenhouse Observes the Transit of Venus.— On 
June 3, 1769, David Rittenhouse, under the auspices of the 
American Philosophical Society, made his observations of the 
transit of \>nus, and from them, for the first time, calculated 
with approximate accuracy the distance of the sun. He was 
the first to discover that Venus had an atmosphere. 



78 



PENNSYLVANIA- THE KEYSTONE 



The Stamp Act Resented in Philadelphia. — In 1764, the same 
year that Bouquet led his expedition into Ohio, Lord Grenville 
concluded to extend the Stamp Law into America, in order to 
have the colonies contribute to the expenses of the British 
Government. William Allen, the Chief Justice of Pennsyl- 
vania, then in England, succeeded in delaying the passage of 
the act by his opposition. The Assembly sent word to its 
agent there, Richard Jackson, that such an act would deprive 

the people of the province of 
their most essential rights. 

Franklin in England. — After 
the passage of the Stamp Act 
in 1765, Franklin, who in the 
meantime had gone to Eng- 
land, succeeded in having John 
Hughes, a member of the As- 
sembly living along the Schuyl- 
kill and an ally of Galloway in 
the effort to make the province 
a royal government, appointed 
stamp collector. The Assembly 
sent a delegation, the leading 
member of which was Dickinson, to a convention held in New 
York, with instructions to remonstrate against the Stamp Act. 
A mob threatened the houses of Hughes and Franklin, and hung 
a stamp man in effigy. A ship appeared in the Delaware with 
the stamps, accompanied by a man-of-war. The vessels in 
the river put their flags at half-mast; muffled bells were tolled 
at the State House and Christ Church, and by beating drums 
the people were summoned to meet at the State House. The 
meeting demanded that Hughes resign. He promised not to 
act until he received further orders from the king, and finally 
he resigned his office. 




A TAX STAMP. 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 



79 



^^^.'s^ 



The Stamp Act Repealed. — November 7, 1765, the merchants 
of Philadelphia adopted non-importation resolutions and en- 
tered into an agreement to cancel all orders for goods in Eng- 
land until the Stamp Act should be repealed. Franklin ap- 
peared before the House of Commons, and, in the meantime 
having learned of the opposition and excitement at home, for- 
cibly presented the objections to the act. He gave an estimate 
of the population of the Province, making it 160,000, of whom 
one-third were Germans. 
The act was repealed in 
1766. Its repeal in the 
face of opposition was an 
indication of weakness. A 
year later Parliament made 
another effort, differing in 
appearance, but not in re- 
sult, by levying a tax on 
paper, glass, tea, and other 
articles, to be paid in 
America upon their im- 
portation. 

John Dickinson's 
' 'Farmer's Letters." — At 
this juncture John Dick- 
inson wrote his famous 
''Farmer's Letters." They 
were republished in all of the colonies, in England, and were 
translated into French. Their merit was that they put in 
logical form the American position that taxation without rep- 
resentation was tyranny, and that the right to raise revenue in 
America belonged alone to her own representatives. They were 
received all over the colonies with the utmost enthusiasm. 
Ames' ''Almanac for 1772," published in Boston, gave a portrait 




JOHN DICKINSON. 

(From the rare Contemporary Print.) 



80 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

of Dickinson, with the inscription: ''The patriotic American 
farmer, John Dickinson, Esq., barrister-at-law, who with 
Attic eloquence and Roman spirit hath asserted the Uberties of 
the British Colonies in America." He was given, in memory 
of ancient honors, the freedom of the city, and John Hancock, 
Samuel Adams, and Joseph Warren were appointed a com- 
mittee to address him as "the Common Benefactor of Man- 
kind." 

The Colony Asserts Her Rights.— September 20, 1768, the 
Assembly sent petitions to the king and the two Houses of 
Parliament which set forth that without help from England 
they had peopled, planted, and improved the wilderness, that 
they had inherited the rights of Englishmen, and that the 
raising of revenue by taxation, they not being represented, was 
to destroy those rights. It was essential to their liberties that 
their property should not be taken without their consent. 
Further non-importation resolutions were passed by the mer- 
chants in 1769, and when a vessel came into port laden with 
malt no one would buy the malt, and the vessel went back to 
England. 

Increase of Western Population. — In 1771 there were over 
two thousand families in the province living westward of the 
Alleghany Mountains. 

Pennsylvania Leads in Opposition to the Tea Tax. — In 1770 
the Parliament repealed the provisions of the Act of 1767 im- 
posing duties, except in so far as they placed a tax of three 
pence a pound upon tea. The thought was to preserve the 
claim of right, but to persuade an admission of this claim by 
removing all real burden. The colonies, however, whetted 
by success, would have none of it. The East India Company 
sent a number of tea ships to America and one of them entered 
the Delaware. At a meeting held in the State House Square, 
October 16, 1773, a series of resolutions drawn by Colonel 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 81 

William Bradford, son of the old printer, were adopted, to the 
effect that the tea should not be permitted to be landed; and a 
committee was appointed to go to the captain of the vessel at 



T o 



Capt. AY RES, 

Of the Ship P O L L T, on a Voyage from luondon to PhilaJelphia, 

SIR, 

WE air informfj thai you have, imprudently, taken Chjrgc of 3 Q_ii .i/,;) (7f 'lea, ^^InoK has hcen fenl 
out by the /«</<a Company, under the Ju/picft of the Mtnuhy, ,isa \ <\i\ o{ .jnurujt \ \r\\ic and Ke- 

Coluiion. 

Now, 35 your Cjrgj. on your Arrival here, will mod alfuredly bring you into hoi watert and as you 
ar^ pt i-lijps a Siranger lo thry Parts, we hjve concluded to advife you ofthe prcfcnt Siiualion of Affairs in 

;' ■•:!.Je!pLj---thn, fjkmT Tunc by :hc horclock, you may ftop (hort in your dangerous Errand fecure 

N.iurMiip ,3gainl1 (he Rafts ofiotnbyftiblc Matter winch may be let on Fire, and turned loofe againft her ; 
,Tu.i more th.iu all ibis, tliat you tn.iy pri i'cTve your own Pcii'on, from the Piti-h jtid Ftatl\crs that arc prc- 
parcJ (or you. 

In thefKlt Pljce, we tnuit ;.-ll \on, tliat tlic P,nr:A;'-;-nui'i; art-, Ir a .^tan, p,i!honate!) I'jnd of Freedom, 

th. H.ni.nglK. oi//^,r«-i/f;,^ and it -d! I'.Ncnts arr d<U'nn.iicd (o enjoy it 

' -h.'vf, no I'uwrr on the Face of the Earth has a Rii^ht lo t.,x ihvai wiihoiit their 

1 ( I I » '[ n t t' < Tt i in I (. I 1 ■ . fuch .1 Tax, 

wl I tl ^ w d .r 1 uLtcdl) oj_i k. r t 

\^ ir I nrattdto a very diUf^rrt 1 ji^ lui net. lljrv ServKP- -- do i_,'ir K\(r ..rr ^om'nMcd all 
( )' cr ,^1 1 it the Ri^ht» A Amnra , ind hipkls is he, whoft evil Ueftn,) h,v, d-...i..cd hun U lutTfr at 



f r i r and it you arc fo (oohlli ind oi>'il n. j'e as to compleat your 

^'- \ ( r \ fins Port > lu may run lui h a C'liiridei, as will induce you, 

It 1 ir ]lv ( urk ihofe who have made you tt»' Dupe at their Avarice and 

V..U ("apuii\, of ,1 Ual'cr jt.nin 1 vour Nivk----tcn <; ;' i' far decanted on your 

. 1 r.it'icr- >.fi dozen wild Cecil I.iu! Over tl:.it to enli . ■^^»i.c^ 

, .W\l.-- 'al ::' n ./>'*<■; ht ui a.lMlc _v ou to tly wuhoul (he 



THE PHILADELPHIA TEA-PARTY. 

Gloucester and warn him. The consignees gave up their com- 
missions and the ship sailed out to sea. 

Massachusetts Follows the Lead. — Notice of this proceeding 
was sent to Boston, and thereupon the people of that town met 

6 



82 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

on the 5th of November and adopted Bradford's resolutions, with 
a preamble setting forth their appreciation of the patriotism of 
their brethren in Philadelphia. When a vessel reached Boston 
some men in disguise went on board and threw the tea into the 
sea. 

The Boston Port Bill. — Then the British Government deter- 
mined to exercise force, and in March, 1774, passed the Boston 
Port Bill, which closed the port and led to the outbreak of hos- 
tilities. The immediate cause of the war, therefore, was the 
passage of the Bradford resolutions and the consequences which 
resulted from that act. 

First Continental Congress. — Massachusetts called loudly 
for help. A convention of county committees met in Phila- 
delphia. Among the committeemen were John Dickinson, 
Joseph Reed, soon to be Adjutant-general, Thomas Mifflin, 
soon to be Major-general, Charles Thomson, Secretary of the 
Continental Congress, Anthony Wayne, James Wilson, later 
a Justice of the Supreme Court, and William Irvine and Daniel 
Brodhead, who later commanded brigades. They adopted a 
paper, drawn by Dickinson, which recommended the Assembly 
to appoint delegates to a Congress of the colonies, and to en- 
deavor to secure among others a repeal of the acts quartering 
troops and imposing duties, and the Boston Port Bill. 

Pennsylvanians in the Congress. — The Assembly sent dele- 
gates to the Congress which met in Carpenters Hall, on the 
south side of Chestnut Street below Fourth in Philadelphia, 
September 5, 1774. The delegates from Pennsylvania to this 
first Continental Congress, to which came Patrick Henry and 
George Washington from Virginia, and John Adams and Samuel 
Adams from Massachusetts, were Joseph Galloway, Samuel 
Rhoads, Thomas Mifflin, John Dickinson, John Morton, 
Charles Humphrey, George Ross, and Edward Biddle. Of the 
six papers drawn by the Congress, the two most important, the 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 83 

Address to the King and the Address to the people of Canada, 
were written by Dickinson. The Congress determined that if 
the Act of Parliament changing the government of Massachu- 
setts should be forced upon its people, ''AH America ought to 
support them in opposition." 

Pennsylvania First Ratifies the Congress Proceedings. — 
The proceedings of the Congress were ratified by the Assembly 
of Pennsylvania, first of all the colonies, in December. An 
event of significance occurred November 2, 1774. Twenty-eight 
gentlemen of Philadelphia met and formed the First City Troop 
of Cavalry, an organization which has continued in existence 
ever since and has participated in all of our wars. 

Battle of Lexington.— On April 19, 1775, occurred the battle 
of Lexington. Since the British Government had made in Mas- 
sachusetts its earliest attempt to use force, it naturally happened 
that the first outbreak of active warfare should occur there, but 
the struggle after two indecisive engagements sought the great 
heart of the continent. 

Franklin Sides with the Colonies. — At this period Galloway 
and Franklin parted company, the former gradually drifting 
into the position of a supporter of the Crown, and the latter, 
who had been denounced by Lord Wedderburn, and was no 
longer a persona grata in England, returned home in 1775, and 
grew to be a conspicuous representative of the colonies. 

The Pennsylvania Associators. — After the battle of Lexing- 
ton the Associators throughout the counties, under the direc- 
tion of county committees, gathered together for defence. 
Among the colonels were Dickinson, John Cadwalader, Thomas 
McKean, and Timothy Matlack. When the last named, who 
had been a Quaker and had been imprisoned for debt, girded 
on his sword, saying he did it to protect his property and liberty, 
James Pemberton replied, 'Timothy, as to thy property, thee 
knows that thee has none, and as for thy liberty, thee owes that 



84 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



to me." The Assembly in June adopted the Associators, 
agreed to pay them if called into active service, and appointed 
a committee of safety, of which Franklin was elected chairman. 
Second Continental Congress. — The Second Congress met 
May 10, 1775, in the State House of Pennsylvania, which thus 




THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE HOUSE. 

(Independence Hall.) 

became the home of the earliest government of the colonies. 
On June 3d the Congress decided to borrow £6000 for the pur- 
chase of gunpowder, and threw the responsibility upon Pennsyl- 
vania by appointing her delegates a committee for the purpose. 
Pennsylvania Troops. — Eleven days later it resolved to raise 
six companies of expert riflemen in Pennsylvania, two in 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 85 

Maryland, and two in Virginia, to go as soon as recruited to 
Boston. In this way began the Continental Army, and on the 
following day George Washington, whose entire military ex- 
perience had been secured in the Indian wars in the western 
part of the province, was appointed to the command. He 
selected Thomas Mifflin as the quartermaster-general and 
Joseph Reed as his adjutant-general. Five battalions were 
recruited in Pennsylvania in 1775, commanded by colonels 
John Bull, Arthur St. Clair, John Shee, Anthony Wayne, and 
Robert Magaw. 

The Importance of Pennsylvania in the Action of the Colonies. 
— The principles upon which resistance to the authority of 
England were justified had been thought out in Pennsylvania, 
and were promulgated by her statesmen and writers, and they 
were accepted by the other colonies. The leaders of the move- 
ment among her sons were men of substance and influence, 
who had many of them been educated in the universities abroad; 
they were of higher social standing than those who took part 
from elsewhere; they had more at stake in the contest, and, 
down to the middle of the year 1776, under the leadership of 
Dickinson, they controlled the deliberations of the Congress. 
Nearly every paper sent out by it, including the Articles of 
Confederation establishing the government under which the 
war was fought, was written by him. These papers received a 
warm encomium from Pitt, and of one of them it was written 
that it would remain a monument to Dickinson and the Con- 
gress "so long as fervid eloquence and chaste and elegant com- 
position shafl be appreciated." 

The Conservative View. — The object sought by Pennsyl- 
vania was to secure a redress of grievances, to resist arbitrary 
and unconstitutional enactments, and to remain loyal to the 
government under which she had grown and prospered. This 
was Ukewise the view of George Washington and of most of 



86 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

the more sober minded of the people. It has, however, rarely 
happened that those who start a revolution are able to stay its 
progress or direct its course. The onrush of liberated forces is 
not tempered by reason and is reckless of consequences. It is 
likewise true that those who are radical and impulsive groan 
most when the burdens are to be borne and seldom are steadfast 
to the end. 

Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine. — Before the strength of 
the colonies had been tested men without resources, like Samuel 
Adams, of Massachusetts, began to urge independence. At this 
time Thomas Paine, a man with a past to be forgotten and a 
future to be shunned, was the editor of the ''Pennsylvania 
Magazine," published by Robert Aitken. He wrote a fiery 
pamphlet, called ''Common Sense," which strongly appealed to 
the people and did most to turn their minds toward independ- 
ence. The more cautious printers would have nothing to do 
with it. 

Robert Bell, Publisher. — "Common Sense" was published 
by Robert Bell. There were other printers in the country be- 
fore Bell, who called himself "a provedore to sentimentalists," 
but to him we owe the introduction of literature into America. 
He opened his office in 1768, and published first in America 
"Rasselas," Robertson's "Charles the Fifth," ^'Blackstone," 
"Milton," Thompson's "Seasons," and Young's "Night 
Thoughts." 

John Dickinson and the Declaration of Independence. — 
Dickinson was not in favor of the adoption of the Declaration of 
Independence. He regarded it as inopportune for the reason 
that this course created dissension among those enlisted in the 
cause, who were already too few, and that it was not acting in 
good faith toward France, with whom the colonies were then 
negotiating. It was, besides, but a fulmination. Independence 
could not be attained by announcement and could only be se- 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 87 

cured through armies in the field. Livingston, of New York, 
Rutledge, of South Carohna, Wilson and Morris, of Pennsyl- 
vania, agreed with him, but afterward signed the paper. The 
resolution favoring independence was adopted on the 2d of 
July, the Declaration approved on the 4th of the same month, 
and four days later it was read to the people in the State House 
Square. 



CHAPTER IX 
THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION (Continued) 

The Change of Control in Pennsylvania. — Two of the mem- 
bers of the Congress which adopted the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence went out into the field to fight for the cause — John 
Dickinson and Thomas McKean. The adoption of the Decla- 
ration not only changed the avowed purpose of the war, but it 
marked the success of another set of men, who then came into 
control of the affairs of Pennsylvania. They superseded the 
Quakers, who had determined its policies from the settlement 
and given it high reputation the world over, and they put an 
end to its proprietary government. 

The First State Constitution. — A convention, whose most 
conspicuous members were Franklin and Rittenhouse, met in 
Philadelphia, July 15, 1776, to adopt a Constitution. This 
Constitution vested executive authority in a Council of Safety, 
presided over by Thomas Wharton, Jr., comprised of twelve 
members, one from the city and one from each of the counties. 
The legislative power was vested in an Assembly elected annu- 
ally, and consisting of six members from the city and from each 
county. A Council of Censors supervised the Constitution and 
the branches of the government, with a power to impeach. 
The Constitution also provided that "All useful learning shall 
be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities." 

This was the first time in America that higher education was 
made a part of the fundamental law. 

The American Cause Desperate. — Events soon proved the 
correctness of the foresight of Dickinson. Six months had not 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 



89 



passed before the outcome of the American cause was conceded 
by its friends to be apparently hopeless, and much of the burden 
was borne by Pennsylvanians. Early in the year a brigade of 
Pennsylvanians, consisting of three regiments under the com- 
mand of General William Thompson, under whom was Wayne, 
then a colonel, was sent to Canada. Together with a battalion 




from New Jersey they made an assault upon a larger force, 
under Burgoyne, at Three Rivers, and were repulsed with a 
loss of three hundred and fifty men; but, according to Wayne, 
they saved the army, which retreated to Fort Ticonderoga. 
Here Wayne was put in command. 

The Battle of Long Island and the Pennsylvanians Engaged. 
—On August 27, 1776, occurred on Long Island the first battle 



90 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

between the British Army of invasion, under Sir Wilham Howe, 
and the Continental Army, under Washington, with General 
Israel Putnam in immediate command. At this time Pennsyl- 
vania had thirty-one hundred men in the field. In the spring 
of that year she had organized a force of fifteen hundred men 
for her own defence, being two regiments of riflemen, consoh- 
dated under Colonel Samuel Miles, and a regiment of musketry, 
under Colonel Samuel John Atlee; but almost at once they were 
asked for by Congress and were sent to the support of Washing- 
ton. In the battle the British, by a flank movement, surprised 
and completely defeated the Americans. The British General 
Grant drove in the outlying pickets and captured Major James 
Burd, of Lancaster County. Grant was confronted by Sti'r- 
ling's brigade, who were in the advance. It was the only fine 
of battle formed in the engagement and the first of the war. 
Stirling sent Atlee with his battalion to the front. Atlee seized 
a ridge of ground, held it against two spirited assaults, main- 
tained his position through th.e morning, and until after the 
army had retreated. In the hurry Stirling failed to give him 
notice to withdraw. It was at this place that the British met 
the most serious resistance and incurred their greatest losses. 
Lieutenant-colonel Caleb Parry was shot through the head and 
died ''like a hero," the firsf man of prominence from Pennsyl- 
vania to lose his life in the war. Atlee was captured about 
5 o'clock in the afternoon, and the command of the battalion 
fell to the senior captain, Patrick Anderson. The army suc- 
ceeded in escaping across the river with the loss of about a 
thousand men. The next morning General Miflflin arrived with 
one Massachusetts and two Pennsylvania regiments, helping 
to restore confidence. 

Surrender of Fort Washington. — On November 16th Fort 
Washington, through the failure of General Nathanael Greene 
to withdraw his forces, was surrendered to the British, with a 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 91 

loss of twenty-one officers and two thousand six hundred and 
thirty-seven men. They were nearly all of them from Penn- 
sylvania, and about half of them were well-drilled troops. 
M Pennsylvania in the Crisis. — The effect of these disasters 
was disheartening in the extreme. We had declared our- 
selves independent, but were really in a most abject condi- 
tion. The army dwindled to three thousand men. New York 
and New Jersey were abandoned to the British. On all sides 
officers were deserting the cause and returning to their homes. 
Said David Ramsay, the contemporary historian, ''In this 
period, when the American Army was relinquishing their gen- 
eral, the people giving up the cause, some of their leaders going 
over to the enemy, and the British commanders succeeding in 
every enterprise," Washington determined to fall back to 
Pennsylvania, to Augusta County, in Virginia, and, in the last 
extremity, to the mountains. 

John Cadwalader and the Pennsylvania Militia. — Then 
something happened, and Ramsay adds, "Fifteen hundred of 
the Pennsylvania Militia joined him." These were brought 
by Mifflin and were under the command of John Cadwalader. 
It was the very crisis of the war. 

The Battle of Trenton. — With this addition to his force, 
equal to one-half of his army, Washington turned on the 
enemy, crossed the Delaware through the ice on Christmas night, 
attacked the carousing Hessians at Trenton, and captured 
about one thousand of them. 

The Battle of Princeton. — On January 3, 1777, Washington, 
leaving his campfires burning to mislead the enemy, advanced 
to Princeton, attacked the British there, and won another 
success. The Pennsylvanians won the approval of the whole 
country. Washington named Cadwalader in his report to 
Congress and said of him that he was *'a man of good principle 
and of intrepid bravery." 



92 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The First Treasurer of the Colonies. — Michael Hillegas, who 
had been the first treasurer of Pennsylvania, was succeeded in 
that office by David Rittenhouse, and became the first treasurer 
for the colonies. 

The Importance of Philadelphia. — In 1777 the war became 
a struggle for the possession of Philadelphia, the seat of Congress 
and the government. It was the belief of Howe that its capture 
would be decisive of the contest, and it was the effort of Wash- 
ington to protect the city at all hazards. Pennsylvania be- 




THE BRANDYWINE. 



came the scene of the most determined conflicts, and her 
people suffered the injuries and the desolation which were the 
result of the marches and battles of opposing armies. Such 
experience meant woe in the present and classic renown in the 
future. 

The Battle of Brand5nvine. — Sailing from New York, Howe 
landed at the head of Elk River in Maryland on the 25th of 
August, and marched across Delaware into Chester County. 
The two armies met at Chadd's Ford on the Brandy wine Creek 
on the 11th of September. The Americans numbered about 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 93 

eleven thousand and the British about thirteen thousand, sepa- 
rated by the creek. John Armstrong, with the Pennsylvania 
militia, held the extreme left. Says Carrington, "The position 
at Chadd's Ford was entrusted to Wayne" on the left centre, 
and Sullivan commanded the right. Howe sent Cornwallis 
up the creek about six miles, where he crossed, turned the 
American right, and won a decided victory. Wa>Tie held his 
position throughout the day. With the loss of about a thousand 
men Washington retreated to Chester and then to Germantown. 

The Battle of Warren Tavern. — The armies fought another 
battle at the Warren Tavern on the 16th, in which twenty-one 
Americans were killed, many were wounded, and forty-three 
were taken prisoners. A severe rain storm wet the ammuni- 
tion and prevented a decisive engagement. 

The High-water Mark of British Invasion. — Still endeavoring 
to prevent Howe from crossing the Schuylkill, Washington with- 
drew to the Yellow Springs, in Chester County, and thence 
crossed the river at Parker's Ford into Philadelphia County 
and watched the fords. He marched down the river on the 
east side through the Trappe to the Perkiomen, and made his 
headquarters near the mouth of that stream, at Richardson's 
Ford, on the Schuylkill. Howe moved northward on the west 
side of the Schuylkill, burning the forge and the mill of Colonel 
William Dewees at Valley Forge on his way, and on Septem- 
ber 21st the head of his column had reached the Fountain Irm 
Tavern, now^ in the borough of Phoenixville. This point 
was the high-water mark of the invasion. 

Movements Along the Schuylkill. — Washington, fearing 
an attack upon his supplies at Reading or an attempt to cross 
above where the Schuylkill was more shallow, marched north- 
ward to Upper Hanover, near the present borough of Potts- 
town. While in Chester County Washington divided his 
army, sending Wayne with fifteen hundred men to harass the 



94 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



rear of the British as they marched. But this plan resulted 
disastrously. Two of his letters were intercepted by the 
British. On the night of September 20th General Grey, with 
a greatly superior force, fell upon Wayne at the Paoli Tavern. 
Wayne held his ground for an hour and saved his artillery, 
but lost about one hundred and fifty men. 

The British Enter Philadelphia. — For a day or two there 
was some firing across the river, but on the night of the 22d 
and the morning of the 23d Howe, having succeeded in mis- 
leading his opponent, crossed the river, his right at Fatland 
Ford and his left, under Cornwalhs, at Gordon's Ford, now 
Phoenixville, where he lost a man or two. Some of the Chas- 
seurs crossed at the Long Ford. 
He went on his way toward the 
city, burning the buildings of 
Colonel John Bull, at the present 
Norristown, and on the 26th his ad- 
vance rode in triumph into the city. 
Congress Sits at Lancaster and 
York. — Philadelphia was captured, 
but the result did not justify the 
expectation. The Congress fled by 
way of Bethlehem to Lancaster and 
then to York, the Supreme Execu- 
tive Council and Assembly fled to 
Lancaster, and the State House Bell was hidden under a church 
floor in AUento^Mi. It was important to do something, and 
in the midst of the commotion forty-two Quakers were ar- 
rested and sent away to Winchester, in Virginia. 

Washington On the Perkiomen. — Washington, on the same 
day that Philadelphia was captured, took his army to Pemiy- 
packer's Mills on the Perkiomen at the head of the Skippack 
Road, the central one of three main roads leading to the city 




THE LIBERTY BELL. 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 95 

and about twenty-seven miles from it. Tliere he was rein- 
forced by a thousand men from Peekskill and some New Jer- 
sey and Virginia mihtia. New^s came of success over Burgo>Tie. 
A council of war determined that the army should approach 
nearer to the enemy and seek another chance for combat. 

Battle of Gennantown. — On the 4th of October an attack 
was made on the British Army at Germantown. In the plan 
of battle John Armstrong, with the Pennsylvania militia, was 
placed on the left and Wayne, as usual, was in the advance. 
He came out of the engagement with three wounds and a 
dead horse. On the retreat he covered the rear. The enemy 
had been driven for three miles, but confusion arose due to a 
dense fog and to the fact that the stone house of Benjamin 
Chew was occupied by some of the British, and the attack 
was halted to dislodge them. The army retired to its former 
camp inspirited by its partial success, and tarried long enough 
to bury its dead. It then moved to Kulpsville, where General 
Francis Nash was buried and a spy was hanged. 

The Battle of White Marsh.-^From there it advanced to 
White Marsh, where another battle was fought on the 7th 
of December. Howe assumed the aggressive. Lydia Darragh 
in the city overheard some officers talking over what they 
were going to do to the American Army, and, feigning to go to 
mill, she walked all the way to the American camp and told 
Washington. He was, therefore, on his guard. Howe tried 
the right, left, and centre in vain, and then withdrew Tvdth a 
loss of about a hundred men. 

Valley Forge. — On the 19th of December Washington went 
into winter-quarters at Valley Forge on the Schuylkill, twenty- 
three miles from the city. There, upon a hill called Mount 
Joy, because in the early time William Peim, who had been 
lost upon it, discovered his course, having the river to the 
north and the Valley Creek to the west, the army threw up 



96 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



intrenchments and built log huts. It proved to be a very- 
severe winter with much ice and snow. There was much 
suffering in the camps from cold, want, and illness. There 
was much deprivation among the people, who had been over- 
ridden by both armies, and whose property had been burned 
by the British and seized by the Americans, The hills were 
bleak and the naked feet of the soldiers were cut by the ice 
upon which they trod. The north wind blew through the 
chinks of their huts. They would have been warmer could they 
have eaten meat, but often there was none in the camp. Sulli- 




washincjton'.s headquarters at valley forge. 

van threw a bridge across the river. Steuben came from 
Germany, and taught them the drill and introduced discipline. 
Lafayette took twenty-five hundred men and eight cannon to 
Barren Hill, and l^arely escaped capture. Way^le went over 
into the Jerseys after cattle and had many skirmishes. Con- 
gress sent a committee to investigate Washington, who had 
been unsuccessful. A combination of officers arose to deprive 
him of his command, and Isaac Potts, in whose house he lived, 
found him on one occasion on his knees in the woods in prayer. 
Then came the news of the French alliance, which had been 
secured by Franklin, sent to that country as the representative 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 



97 




PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



of the colonies. The help of the French gave the struggle a 
new aspect. 

Fort Mercer and Fort Red Bank on the Delaware. — When the 
British occupied Philadelphia the Americans held two forts on 
the Delaware, Fort Mercer, at Red Bank in New Jersey, and 
Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, on the Pennsylvania side, and 
Pennsylvania had a small fleet in command of Commodore 
John Hazlewood. October 22, 1777, Count Donop, with a 

force of Hessians, as- 
sailed Fort Mercer. 
He was killed and his 
troops repulsed with a 
loss of four hundred 
men. Fort Mifflin was 
heroically defended for 
six days and nights, 
until its walls had been 
knocked to pieces and 
two hundred and fifty 
of its small garrison 
had been killed or 
wounded. The British 
fleet finally succeeded 
in compelling the aban- 
donment of these forts 
and in opening the 
river. 
On January 5, 1778, occurred what is called the '^Battle 
of the Kegs," when the Americans, in an effort to destroy the 
British fleet, floated a lot of kegs charged with gunpowder 
among them. 

The Winter in Philadelphia. — The British spent the winter 
in Philadelphia, enjoying themselves with fetes, dances, and 




TICKET FOR THE MESCHIANZA. 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 99 

theatre parties. They kept their prisoners in much misery 
in the jail at Sixth and Walnut Streets. Sir Henry Clinton 
superseded Howe, who was regarded as indolent, in command. 
Before Howe's departure, on May 18, 1778, a fete at the home 
of Thomas Wharton was arranged for him by Major John 
Andre, a talented man, attractive to the ladies, who was later 
hanged as a spy. It was called the Meschianza, and com- 
prised a regatta, tournament, feast, and ball. 

The British Vacate Philadelphia. — Clinton, fearing that the 
French fleet would cut off his communication with England, 
abandoned Philadelphia June 17, 1778, and thus ended all the 
hopes founded upon possession of that city. On the 19th 
Washington left his camp at Valley Forge and started in pur- 
suit. 

A Council of War. — At a council of war held on the 24th, 
attended by seventeen generals, only the two Pennsylvanians, 
Wayne and Cadwalader, advised an attack. On the 24th the 
army overtook Chnton at Monmouth in New Jersej^ and, in 
the language of Wa>Tie, 'Pennsylvania showed the road to 
victor3^" 

Anthony Wayne at Monmouth. — Washington sent General 
Charles Lee, with five thousand men, five miles in advance to 
attack the rear guard. Lee ordered Wayne with seven hundred 
men to lead the advance of this attack. Wliile Wayne was in 
a desperate struggle Lee's courage weakened and he withdrew, 
saying that the temerity of Wayne had brought on him the 
whole flower of the British Army, seven thousand in numbers. 
Washington, angered at the retreat of Lee, ordered Wajaie with 
three Pennsylvania regiments aiid two others from Virginia and 
Maryland to stop the British pursuit. Colonel Henry Monck- 
ton, who tried to drive Wayne from his position, was killed. 
Washington later wrote that the bravery of Wayne ''deserves 
particular commendation." 



100 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The Pennsylvania Regiments in Service. — In 1777 Pennsyl- 
vania had thirteen regiments in the field, designated as the 
"Pennsylvania Line," and in 1778 she had two brigades with 
the Continental Army, three hundred men with Colonel Richard 
Butler on the Mohawk, three hundred men with Colonel 




ANTHONY WAYNE. 



Daniel Brodhead at Pittsburgh, and a regiment with Colonel 
Thomas Hartley at Sunbury. 

The Wyoming Massacre. — On July 4, 1778, the same fateful 
day in this State, a body of tories with about a thousand In- 
dians fell upon the settlement at Wyoming, tortured and 
murdered the people, and burned the houses and mills. They 
took about two hundred and twenty-seven scalps. The poet 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 



101 



Campbell has told the dread tale in his ''Gertrude of Wyoraing." 
Almost equally cruel was the hanging, in the same year, 
of Abraham Carlisle and John Roberts, two Quakers, upon 
an idle charge of treason. 

An Attempt at Bribery. — 
Elizabeth Ferguson, of Graeme 
Park in Montgomery County, 
a loyalist, who is one of the 
characters in the novel of Hugh 
Wynne, told Joseph Reed, the 
Adjutant-general, that if he 
could settle the war he could 
secure £10,000 and any' office 
in the gift of the King. Reed's 
answer was, 'Toor as I am, the 
King cannot buy me." A few 
months later he was elected 
President of the Council, equiv- 
alent to the governorship. 

Wayne Captures Stony Point. — On the night of July 15, 1779, 
WajTiie, with a force of thirteen hundred and fifty men, took by 
storm Stony Point, a fortress on the Hudson, on a promontory 
one hundred and fifty feet high, protected by three abattis 
and a moat and defended by six hundred British soldiers. It 
remains the most brilliant event in the military annals of 
America. 

The So-called Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line. — On Janu- 
ary 1, 1781, occurred what has been cahed the revolt of the 
Pennsylvania Line. They comprised two thousand and five 
men,, from one-third to two-thirds of the army, the soldiers 
from the other colonies having, in the main, gone home. Their 
terms of service had long expired. They had not been paid for 
a year. They were almost without clothes. Then, under the 




WYOMING MoN'UMEXT. 



102 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

leadership of a brave sergeant, named William Bowser, they 
arose in arms and proceeded to settle matters for themselves. 
Two emissaries from Clinton, seeking to corrupt them, they 
handed over to Washington to be hanged. Congress and the 
generals they forced to terms. Twelve hmidred and fifty men 
whose terms of service had expired were discharged and the 
matter of the indebtedness to them was arranged. Then most 
of them re-enlisted. 

The Pennsylvania Line in the South. — Wayne, with the 
Pennsylvania Line, was then sent to the South, and there bore 



t^y^-^J^^c^ 




^y ^ / / 






f ^i.^..,.^^jyy.f^^^ 



J-tU-^ 



t/ 






/^^ ^i?r?>^^-*> >^V/^«^_ /^<^,-i-<C.ji_- / 



.9 -.^ 



AUTOGRAPH NOTE OF WAYNE. 

a brave part in Lafayette's campaign in Virginia and at the 
siege of Yorktown. After the surrender of Cornwallis these 
troops were ordered further south to aid Greene. In a series 
of brilliant engagements Wayne drove the British out of Geor- 
gia. In the last event of the war in the South, when the British 
abandoned Charleston, Wayne rode at the head of his troops 
through the streets of the relieved city. 

Pennsylvania the Centre of Activities During the War. — 
Throughout the whole war the Indians were committing 
massacres along the Susquehanna and the frontiers. Nearly 
all of the battles of Washington, those at Brandywine, Warren 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 103 

Tavern, Paoli, Germantown, White Marsh, Trenton, Prince- 
ton, and Monmouth were fought around the city of Philadel- 
phia. There sat the Congress when they gave him command 
and w^hen they declared independence. The people of Penn- 
sylvania, starving like the soldiers, bore the brunt of the terrific 
struggle. It was a contest won not by military skill, but by 
endurance and character. That spirit was better exemplified 
in the dreary camp at Valley Forge than in any battle of the 
war. In the main its finances w^re conducted by Robert 
Morris, a wealthy merchant, who gave largely from his own 
private resources. 



CHAPTER X 
THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 

The Necessity of Union. — As has been seen, the system of 
government under which the war of the Revolution was con- 
ducted had been devised by John Dickinson. It answered 
the purpose at a time when old bonds were being broken and 
former conditions were being overthrown. With the success- 
ful close of the war and the establishment of independence by 
the armies in the field came the necessity for the greater power 
which is required for constructive work. Out of the discord- 
ant colonies, with their diverse traditions and interests, up to 
the time of the war distinct and separate, a nation was to be 
builded. 

The Annapolis Meeting. — In the preliminary movement 
only five of the thirteen colonies were represented. Delegates 
from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 
Virginia met at Annapolis September 11, 1786, and, after 
consideration, they recommended that a convention be called 
to meet in Philadelphia on the second Monday in May, 1787. 

The Philadelphia Convention. — When that day arrived the 
only delegates to appear at the State House were those of 
Pennsylvania and Virginia. At the end of two weeks no others 
had arrived except those from Delaware and New Jersey. The 
fact indicates how little men appreciated the importance of the 
event. 

The Pennsylvania Delegation. — The largest delegation came 
from Pennsylvania, and consisted of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas 

104 



THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 



105 



Mifflin, who had presided over the Continental Congress, 
Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared 
Ingersoll, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris. Washington 
presided and the aged Franklin participated, but the most 
learned lawyer among them was James Wilson, and, perhaps, 
more than any other member he affected the results reached. 
The Adoption of the Constitution of the United States.— ^ 
The Constitution was adopted September 17, 1787, and in 
Philadelphia a new nation was born. There was much trouble 




CONGRESS HALL. 



about the adoption of the Constitution, which did not go into 
effect until ratified by nine states. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, 
and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, opposed it violently. 
It was the influence of Pennsylvania which made it successful. 
The first states to ratify it were Delaware and Pemis3'lvania. 
That is the reason that to-day in all national processions these 
States are given the lead. 

The National Capital at Philadelphia. — The national govern- 
ment, feeble at first, had no buildings and no home. During 
seven years of Washington's term as President the capital was 



106 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

at Philadelphia. Congress met at Sixth and Chestnut Streets, 
the Supreme Court met at Fifth and Chestnut Streets, and the 
President lived on Market Street below Sixth Street. The 
government of the United States has never paid the rent for 
these public buildings and, in its weakness, Pennsylvania gave 
it a home without compensation. 

Yellow Fever in Philadelphia. — Unfortunate and deadly 
visitations of the yellow fever in 1793 and 1798 prevented Phila- 
delphia from becoming the permanent capital. Both Wash- 
ington and John Adams were inaugurated as Presidents in that 
city. 

Josiah Harmar Commander-in-Chief of the Army. — After 
Washington resigned the command of the army, Josiah Harmar, 
one of a family living along the Perkiomen, succeeded him. 
Harmar led an expedition against the Miami Indians in 1790, 
but was defeated. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a major- 
general of the Pennsylvania Line, and President of the Con- 
tinental Congress, succeeded Harmar. St. Clair was at the 
time governor of the northwestern territory. He, too, was 
defeated in a serious engagement, November 4, 1791, by the 
Miamis, led by their chiefs and aided by Simon Girty, the 
renegade, another Pennsylvanian. 

Wayne, Made Commander-in-Chief, Vanquishes the Indians 
at Fallen Timbers. — Then Washington appointed Anthony 
Wayne a major-general, and put him in command of the army 
of the United States. The Indians were aided by the British; 
withm seven years they had killed fifteen hundred people, and 
their object was to prevent the settlements from extending 
beyond the Ohio River. Wayne organized an army of two 
thousand six hundred and thirty-one men at Pittsburgh. A 
large proportion of the soldiers enlisted from Pennsylvania, 
and others came from Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey. 

The war lasted over two years. Wayne moved his army 



THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 



107 



do^\Ti the Ohio, thence to the site of Cincinnati, to the Miami 
River, four hundred miles into the wilderness. On August 20, 
1794, at the Fallen Timbers he encountered a force of two 
thousand Indians and Avon the most important victory ever 
secured over the Indian foes. The commander of a British 
fort in the vicinity undertook to interfere, and Waj^ne threat- 



^^ 
















ORDER OF WAYNE IN HIS INDIAN WAR. 

ened the fort. He burned all of the Indian villages and corn- 
fields, and all of the houses within a hundred miles, including 
that of the British Indian Agent. This victory made possible 
the settlement of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and the West. It 
closed a campaign similar in its objects and difficulties to those 
of Caesar in Gaul and of Braddock. 



108 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

The Early Presidents of Pennsylvania. — The Presidents of 
Pennsylvania under the Constitution of 1776 were, in succession, 
Thomas Wharton, Jr., Joseph Reed, William Moore, John Dick- 
inson, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Mifflin; and perhaps 
in no other fourteen years of her history have such able men 
been at the head of her affairs. 

The State Constitution of 17Q0. — A new Constitution was 
adopted in 1790, which created a single executive called a gover- 
nor, divided the legislative body into tw^o branches, a Senate 
and House, and provided for a Supreme Court, whose members 
should hold their offices during good behavior. 

The First National Census of 1790. — When the first national 
census was taken in 1790 Pennsylvania had twenty-one coun- 
ties, a population of 434,373, of whom 28,522 lived in Phila- 
delphia, and 3737 slaves. 

The Beginnings of Literature.— The first American edition 
of the English Bible was published by Robert Aitken in 1782, 
the first American edition of Shakespeare in 1796, and the pub- 
hcation of the "Columbian Magazine," a periodical illustrated 
with portraiture and engraved views, was commenced in 1787 
— ;all in Philadelphia. Charles Brockden Brown, of Philadel- 
phia, the first American to adopt literature as a profession, 
and who had a great influence upon Shelly, published his novel 
of "Arthur Mervyn" in 1799. 

Science and Law. — Joseph Priestley, the chemist who dis- 
covered oxygen, driven from England because of his religious 
views, came to Pennsylvania in 1794, and made his home in 
Northumberland County, where he published a number of 
books. James Wilson delivered a series of lectures upon law 
before the University of Pennsylvania in 1791, and estabUshed 
the earliest American school of law. 

The First Bank.— Robert Morris started the Bank of North 
America, the most ancient of the banks of the country, in 1782. 



THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 



109 



r II t 


PLAYS AND POEMS 


O 1 

W IL LI A M S H A K S P E A R E. 


cOKurCTKi) r ;;(>M i i: • i r.7 . .; ; . : > v. '■ : i 


i.o'.- no:,' K li i I i () >' . ■• 1! ■! ' : . .. , 


S A ?•! U F. I, ] O II N S () X, V . L, D. 


;i G L O S S A 11 Y 


a:\d Tiir, 


L I F E O F T H E A U T H O R. 


■•■?.!:; J, 1, 1 : SKF!) with a srp.iKfMG likeness from tht. 


CUI.LfcC : 10 V O:- Hii GRACE THE DUKE OF CHAN0OS. 


jitrfl Slmericau esttioii. 


VOL. r. 


^^™^* P HI LAD E LP HIA : 


t^RlNTED AND SOLD BY BIOREN Csf^AD AN. 


M DCC XCV. 



110 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

The First Speaker of Congress. — Frederick Augustus Muh- 
lenberg, born at the Trappe, who had been educated at Halle 
in Germany, became Speaker of the first national Congress in 
1789. 

Abolition Societies. — The Pennsylvania Society for Pro- 
moting the Abolition of Slavery, the first society with this 
object in the world, organized in 1774, called a convention of 
similar societies, which met in Philadelphia in 1794. Conven- 
tions of abolition societies were continued through the suc- 
ceeding years. 

Eminent Western Pennsylvanians. — At this period there 
were living west of the Alleghany Mountains four men of 
unusual ability and influence — Albert Gallatin, who became 
Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, under Jeffer- 
son and Madison, Hugh H. Brackenridge, the author of '^Mod- 
ern Chivalry," ''Gazette Publications," and other works, who 
became a Justice of the Supreme Court, William Findley, who 
was governor in 1817, and Alexander Addison, a learned judge, 
who published a volume of law reports. 

The Western Counties. — The boundary-lines between Penn- 
sylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were long in dispute, and 
many of the people in the southwestern part of the State 
felt that they owed an uncertain allegiance. In the main, 
they were of Scotch-Irish race. The grain they produced on 
their farms could not be transported to market and, for the 
most part, was converted into whisky. Westmoreland, Alle- 
gheny, Washington, and Fayette counties had a scattered 
population of about seventy thousand. The largest town was 
Pittsburgh, with twelve hundred people. 

The Whisky Insurrection. — There had been various at- 
tempts, beginning in the colonial days, to impose a tax upon 
whisky, and they had always met with opposition. After the 
adoption of the Constitution the federal government, sadly in 



THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 111 

need of money, passed an excise law. Twenty-five cents a 
gallon was imposed upon whisky, and, since it was worth twice 
as much east as west of the momitains, the law worked unequally 
if not unjustly. In a sense whisky became a sort of currency 
as well as a product. A collector appeared in Washington 
County in 1791, and had to run for his life. Delegates met in 
Pittsburgh and threatened resistance. On July 16, 1794, the 



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BETHLEHEM IN 1790. 

(Never before used.) 

house of a whisky inspector was surrounded and his house and 
barn were burned. Two of the assailants, acting as local militia, 
were killed. The angry people held a mass meeting at Brad- 
dock's Field, and proposed to march on Pittsburgh, where the 
collectors were. Brackenridge succeeded in appeasing their 
wrath. Then Washington ordered out an army of twelve 
thousand men and proceeded as far as Bedford. The display 
of force and the arrest of about two hundred persons calmed the 



112 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

excitement, and the Whisky Insurrection ended. It is a pecu- 
liar and interesting episode. 

Washington's Last Military Service. — Washington, attended 
by Alexander Hamilton, rode with the troops from Carhsle to 
Bedford, and thus his last military service, as well as his first, 
was rendered in this State. 

Bruce's Poems. — David Bruce published a volume of poems 
depicting these events and the heroes of them, and possessing 
both vivacity and literary merit, at Washington, Pa., in 1801. 

Fries' Rebellion. — During the administration of John Adams 
a tax was imposed upon windows. John Fries, a Pennsylvania 
Dutchman, of Montgomery Count}^, who had been a soldier of 
the Revolution, harangued the people against the tax. He was 
helped by the women, who poured hot water on the assessors, 
and he gathered a force of sixty men. The United States Mar- 
shal arrested some of them and held them at the Sun Inn, in 
Bethlehem. Fries, in March, 1799, summoned the Marshal to 
surrender and rescued his followers. He was tried for treason 
and sentenced to death. The situation, however, was too 
absurd, and Adams pardoned him. He has won fame as the 
leader of the Fries' Rebellion. 



CHAPTER XI 
THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY 

The Federalist Party. — The men who took part in the Revo- 
lutionary War, who conducted the affairs of the colonies during 
its progress, and who participated in the organization of the 
government of the United States, in the main became Feder- 
alists, and founded the political party known as the Federal 
Party. George Washington and John Adams were elected 
to the presidency by this party, and under the same influ- 
ences Thomas Mifflin became governor of Pennsylvania. 

Sympathy Between France and the United States. — The 
success of the Revolution and the establishment of a republic 
had an almost immediate effect upon Europe, and they were 
soon followed by the Revolution in France. In that uprising 
of the masses in France the doctrines of Rousseau and Voltaire 
were put into practice and carried to extremes. This revo- 
lution had a reflex effect upon America. French refugees 
came in numbers to Philadelphia. Among them were Prince 
Talleyrand, Volney, the author of the ''Ruins," the Duke 
Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, and Louis Philippe, later King of 
France. People upon the streets began to address each other 
as ''citizen," and laws were introduced in the legislature to 
abolish all titles and the formal openings and closings of letters. 

The Rise of the Democratic Party. — The treaty of peace 
with England conducted by John Jay, the short war with 
France in 1798, the Alien and Sedition laws, and the Excise 

8 113 X 



114 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

laws of John Adams, measures of the FederaUsts, were all 
more or less unpopular. Thomas Jefferson, who sympathized 
with the French Revolution and advocated an extension of 
popular power, led in the formation of the Democratic Party 
and became President of the United States. Pennsylvania 
became a Democratic State, and Thomas McKean, who had 
long been Chief Justice, became the governor in 1799. For 
the most part the Democratic Party controlled the affairs of 
the country down to the beginning of the Rebellion in 1861. 
It is of this period that Henry Adams, the Massachusetts 
historian, wrote: 'Tn every other issue that concerned the 
union the voice which spoke in most potent tones was that 
of Pennsylvania," and, further, that ''Had New England, 
New York, and Virginia been swept out of existence in 1800, 
democracy could have better spared them all than have lost 
Pennsylvania." 

The Louisiana Purchase. — The most important contribution 
to the welfare of the country made by that party was the 
purchase of Louisiana by Jefferson in 1803. The territory of 
Louisiana was owned by France and included all of the lands 
west of the Mississippi River except those in the possession 
of Spain. Jefferson wanted to purchase only New Orleans, a 
city at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Napoleon insisted 
upon his taking the territory with the city, and said that he 
had now created a rival for England which would one day 
humble her pride. It is now sufficiently plain, that the nation 
as it has since developed could not have existed without the 
possession of the Mississippi Valley. 

New England Argues Against the Louisiana Purchase. — 
The measure was, in reality, Federalistic rather than Demo- 
cratic, because the extension of the government over so vast 
a domain made a concentration of power inevitable. Much 
opposition arose, especially in New England. The measure 



THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY 115 

was said to be a violation of the Constitution, since that in- 
strument contained no provision for an extension of territory, 
and it was argued that no new States could be admitted save 
by the unanimous consent of all of the original States. The 
real reason for objection was a recognition by the Eastern 
States of the fact that by the admission of new States from 
the west their own influence would be diminished. It was said 
we had land enough. These wastes could never be utilized. 
Complications with other nations were sure to arise. Quincy, 
of Massachusetts, and Plumer, of New Hampshire, threat- 
ened a dissolution of the union. 

The Votes of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. — All of the 
senators from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hamp- 
shire, including Timothy Pickering and John Quincy Adams, 
voted against the bill to enable the President to take possession. 
But both of the senators and all of the eighteen representa- 
tives from Pennsylvania voted in its favor, and the law was 
enacted. 

The Increase of Territory and Its Importance. — Thomas 
McKean, in an address to the Legislature December 9, 1803, 
said that the acquisition of these lands afforded ''a natural 
hmit to our territorial possessions," and that it ought to be 
regarded ''as an auspicious manifestation of the interference 
of Providence in the affairs of men." The resolution adopted 
by the Legislature anticipated all of the results of the future, 
and declared that "the United States will now possess a soil 
and climate adapted to every production, and an outlet is 
thereby secured for the western parts of the union to the ocean 
and the trade of the world." 

In this important crisis, in giving her strength and influence 
in support of the extension of the national domain to the 
Pacific Ocean, Pennsylvania conferred a lasting benefit upon 
the whole country. 



116 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The "Keystone State." — It was at this period that Pennsyl- 
vania came to be recognized as the ''Keystone State." For 
many years affairs of pohtics and government had centred 
in Philadelphia, and all important measures affecting the 
country had there originated and been from there promul- 
gated. The Democratic Committee in 1803, addressing the 
party throughout the land, wrote, ''As Pennsylvania is the 
Keystone of the Democratic Arch every engine will be used 
to sever it from its place." 





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JOHN fitch's steamboat. 



The Leaders of the Democratic Party. — Among the leaders 
of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania were Thomas McKean, 
Simon Snyder, William Duane, David Rittenhouse, Frederick 
Augustus Muhlenberg, and Peter Muhlenberg. The last 
named had been educated for the ministry at Halle, in Germany, 
and on returning home he took a church at Woodstock in the 
Valley of Virginia. At the breaking out of the war he one day 
preached a sermon. After the sermon was finished he threw 
off his robes, disclosing a uniform underneath, and, declaring, 
"There is a time to preach and a time to fight," called on the 
congregation to enlist. He became a major-general and a 
United States Senator from Pemisylvania. 



THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY 117 

The First Steamboat.— In 1785 John Fitch, a resident of 
Bucks County, invented the steamboat, and for several years, 
beginning in 1787, ran it up and down the Delaware River 
between Philadelphia and Burlington, at the rate of about 
seven miles an hour. 

The First Pennsylvania Dutch Governor.— With Simon 
Snyder, in 1808, began the regime of the Pemisylvania Dutch 
governors of the State. 



CHAPTER XII 
THE WAR OF 1812 

Causes of the War. — Although the War of the Revolution 
had endecl in the success of the colonies and a government had 
been created, there remained much uncertainty as to the 
permanence of existing concUtions. Independence had been 
asserted, but it was not entirely estabhshed or altogether ac- 
cepted. Americans had grown into the habit of looking to 
England for guidance, and England manifested verA' httle real 
respect for a people comparatively feeble whom they had so 
long controlled and governed. Another trial of strength had 
to be made before either coimtr>- could be quite sure that 
American liberty would be maintained. The former war had 
been incited by, though not conducted from, New England, 
and had resulted in the gro^s-th of a force which led to federal- 
ism. The war about to break forth originated \\'ith and was 
directed by the forces of democracy, and in the course of it 
Penns3'lvania and the States to the southward overmastered 
the opposition, and even hostihty, of Xew England. England 
was engaged in a desperate and uncertain contest with Napo- 
leon, and she did not hesitate to override all of the rights of 
neutrals. She overhauled American vessels and took from 
them such sailors and men as she claimed to be British subjects. 
Outrages upon the high seas, such as no nation with any strength 
and self-respect would permit, were of frequent occurrence. 
Xor was it forgotten that during a time of professed peace she 
had supphed the savages along the western borders ^\'ith arms 
and scalping knives. 

118 



THE WAR OF 1812 119 

The Declaration of War and the Attitude of Pennsylvania. — 
War was declared by Congress June IS, 1812. Both of the 
Senators from Pennsj'lvania, Andrew Gregg and ^Michael Leib, 
and fifteen of her seventeen members of the House of Repre- 
sentatives vote<:l in favor of the declaration. Governor Snyder 
in his message said that the sword "has been drawn to maintain 
that independence which it had gloriously achieved.'' At the 
outset of the war Pennsylvania had three times as many soldiers 
enrolled as were required by her quota, and as it progressed she 
furnished more men and more money than any other State. 

The Massachusetts Attitude. — ^lassaehusetts sent to Con- 
gress a resolution of her Assembly to the effect that the war 
was ''in the highest degree impohtic, unnecessary, and ruinous," 
and thirteen of her fourteen members of Congress voted against 
the declaration. Such facts show how important for the in- 
terests of the country' was the attitude taken by Pennsylvania. 

The Pennsylvania Troops. — At the outset of the war the 
militia force of the State consisted of ninety-nine thousand 
fom' himdred and fourteen men. Fourteen thousand of them 
were called into serA'ice and organized in two di\'isions, each 
ha\'ing two brigades and eleven regiments. One division 
encamped near Philadelphia, under the command of ^lajor- 
general Isaac ^lorrelL and the other near Pittsbm-gh, under the 
conunand of ^lajor-general Adamson Taimehill. Four thou- 
sand men were called for by the President, and they gathered 
together at ^Iead\'ille and Pittsburgh, looking to a movement 
upon Canada. 

Major-general Jacob BrowTi Commands in Canada. — The 
two thousand men at ^leadville were ordered to western New 
York, and there they participated in the battles along the 
Canadian borders. After the unsuccessful efforts of General 
Hemy Dearborn and James Wilkinson, the rank of major-gen- 
eral was conferred upon Jacob Bro^Ti, and he was given the 



120 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



command of the Northern Department. He was born in 
Bucks County, in Pennsylvania, May 9, 1775, and came of 
Quaker ancestry. It has been written of him ''that no enter- 
prise undertaken by General Brown ever failed," and that 
"his plans, which were never rash or imprudent, were distin- 
guished for energy and vigor." 

The Battle of Ogdensburg.— At Ogdensburg, October 4, 1812 
in command of twelve hundred men, he repulsed an assault ol 




PITCHER PORTRAIT OF JACOB BROWN. 



the British, inflicting a loss of three killed and four wounded, 
and with cannon knocking to pieces two of their boats. On 
May 29, 1813, the British, with a squadron of six armed vessels 
and forty bateaux and a land force of twelve hundred men, 
made an attack on Sacketts Harbor. After a severe engage- 
ment, with many wavering fortunes, Brown defeated them and 
they retreated in disorder to the fleet, leaving their dead and 
wounded. The Americans lost forty-seven killed, eighty-four 
wounded, and thirty-six missing. The British lost fifty killed 



THE WAR OF 1812 121 

and two hundred and eleven wounded. The Americans re- 
tained possession of the harbor until the close of the war. 

General Brown Captures Fort Erie. — The British held Fort 
Erie on the Canadian shore, opposite Buffalo. In July, 1814, 
Bro^^^l concluded that he had a sufficient force with which to 
undertake the invasion of Canada. Among his troops were 
five hundred volunteers from Pennsylvania. On the 3d of 
July, although General Ripley hung back, he crossed the Niag- 
ara River, surrounded and captured Fort Erie, with a loss of 
four men killed and a number wounded. Reinforcements were 
on the way to relieve the garrison of two hundred men, but be- 
cause of the prompt energy of BroAvn they came too late. 

General Winfield Scott at Chippewa. — These reinforcements 
were halted at Chippewa. Winfield Scott, later the successful 
commander in the war with IVIexico, and a candidate for the 
Presidency, was ordered by Brown to advance on the 4th of 
July with a brigade and artillery. For sixteen miles Scott kept 
up a continuous combat, but finding the enemy in force across 
the Chippewa River, he encamped. On the morning of July 
5th three hundred Pennsylvania volunteers came to his support. 
Then ensued the most important engagement fought up to that 
time during the war. The Americans munbered about thirteen 
hundred. They were attacked by the British, about seventeen 
hundred in number, advancing in three columns. At first the 
Americans gave way, but Scott led a bayonet charge and put the 
enem}^ to flight. A further force of two hundred Pennsylvania 
militia came to his aid and he pursued the fleeing British until 
they blew up the bridge over the Chippewa. The loss of the 
Americans was sixty-one killed, two hundred and fifty-five 
wounded, and nineteen missing, and that of the British was two 
hundred and thirty-six killed, three hundred and twenty-two 
wounded, and forty-six missing. Captain Thomas Biddle, of 
Philadelphia, commanded one of the- three batteries of artillery 



122 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

engaged. The result of this battle produced a decided effect 
upon the British and their Indian allies. 

Battle of Limdy's Lane. — Brown then prepared to cross the 
Chippewa and flank the British position, and, riding to the 
front, he took command in person. He threw a temporary 
bridge over the river and pursued the enemy. In the severe 
battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25th, in which twenty-six hundred 
Americans fought seven thousand British, and, capturing a 
battery, held the field, the former lost eight hundred and fifty- 
two and the latter eight hundred and seventy-eight men. 
General Brown was twice wounded. A bafl passed through his 
thigh and he was carried off the field. Among other Pennsylva- 
nians. Major Daniel McFarland was killed. Captain Biddle of 
the ArtiUery, and Colonel Hugh Brady of Northumberland 
County were both wounded, the latter severely. 

Pennsylvanians at Fort Erie. — The British made two efforts 
to capture Fort Erie, one on August 15th and another on Sep- 
tember 17th. In both of these the Pennsylvanians were con- 
spicuous. Lieutenant John G. Watmough, of Philadelphia, was 
severely wounded. Brown finally ordered a sortie and suc- 
ceeded in driving away the British, with serious losses upon 
both sides. 

New York City Thanks General Brown. — At the close of 
the campaign the city of New York gave General Brown the 
freedom of the city with a box of gold, ''in testimony of the 
high sense they entertained of his valor and skill in defeating 
the British forces, superior in number." The State of New York 
gave him a decorated sword. 

Brown Made Commander-in-Chief. — Congress gave him 
the thanks of the nation and a gold medal, and he was made 
Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the United States. He 
died February 24, 1828, from the effects of his wounds, still 
holding his command. 



THE WAR OF 1812 



123 



Pennsylvanians at New Orleans. — General Thomas Bodley 
bom in Pennsylvania July 4, 1772, was a quarter-master under 
General Harrison in the campaign of 1813, and Colonel William 
Carroll, born in Pittsburgh in 1778, Governor of Tennessee 
from 1821 to 1827, and again from 1830 to 1835, opened the 
fire upon Wellington's veterans in the battle of New Orleans. 
It was his Tennessee riflemen who killed General Pakenham 
and before whom the British Army quailed. 

Commodore Stephen Decatur. — To a great extent the war 
became a struggle upon the sea, and here, too, Pennsylvania 
bore a conspicuous part. 
Stephen Decatur, a Phila- 
delphian, born in Marjdand 
w^hile his parents were tem- 
porarily in that State, won 
fame in Tripoli by seizing 
and burning a vessel of 
which the Turks had taken 
possession, and by boarding 
a Turkish vessel and killing 
her commander in a hand- 
to-hand contest. On Octo- 
ber 25, 1812, in the frigate 
''United States," he cap- 
tured the "Macedonian," 
one of the finest frigates 

in the British Navy, after a battle lasting an hour and a half. 
He had four men killed and seven wounded, and the British 
had thirty-six killed and sixty-eight wounded. He was killed 
in a duel with Commodore Barron, March 20, 1820. 

James Biddle on the "Wasp" and "Hornet."— James Biddle, 
born in Philadelphia February 18, 1783, was educated at the 
University of Pennsylvania. Entering the navy, he was im- 





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JAMES BIDDLE. 



124 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

prisoned in Tripoli for nineteen months. As a lieutenant on 
board of the ''Wasp" he took part in an engagement lasting 
forty-three minutes with the British sloop of war "Frolic," 
October 18, 1812, and at the head of a party boarded her and 
received the surrender of her officers. In command of the 
"Hornet," March 23, 1815, he captured, after a fight lasting 
twenty- two minutes, the brig "Penguin," having sixteen car- 
ronades of thirty-two pounds each, two long twelve pounders, 
a twelve-pound carronade, and several guns. The "Hornet" 
lost twelve men and the "Penguin" forty-two. The British 
commander was killed and Biddle was badly wounded. 

Charles Stewart Commands the Constitution. — Charles 
Stewart, born in Philadelphia July 22, 1776, likewise had ex- 
perience in Tripoli. In June, 1813, he was given command of 
the frigate "Constitution." In a cruise of that year he ran out 
of Boston Harbor through a blockade of seven ships, captured 
the schooner "Picton," of sixteen guns, and a letter-of-marque- 
ship, the brig "Catharine," the schooner "Phoenix," and 
chased a British frigate which got away. February 20, 1815, he 
fought two ships together, the "Cyane," with thirty-four guns, 
and the "Levant," with twenty-one guns, and captured them 
both. He lost sixteen men and the British eighty-seven. 

Other Pennsylvania Naval Heroes. — Stephen Cassin, born 
in Philadelphia February 16, 1783, entered the navy, and as 
a lieutenant gained experience in the war with Tripoh. In 
MacDonough's successful battle with the British fleet on Lake 
Champlain, September 17, 1814, he commanded the "Ticon- 
deroga." In his official report MacDonough said: "The 'Ticon- 
deroga,' Lieutenant-commandant Cassin, gallantly sustained 
her full share of the action." 

William Burrows, born near Philadelphia October 6, 1785, of 
wealthy parents and well educated, received an appointment as 
midshipman in 1799. As a lieutenant he served in the war 



THE WAR OF 1812 



125 




126 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



with Triix)li. In command of the sloop of war '' Enterprise" 
he encountered the British brig ''Boxer/' under Captain Blyth, 
off Portsmouth, September 6, 1813, and after an engagement 
of forty-five minutes, in which the "Boxer" received twenty 
shot in her hull, captured the vessel. The Americans lost 
fourteen men and the British thirty-nine. Burrows was 
mortally wounded, but lived long enough to receive the sword 




PERRY AT LAKE ERIE. 

of Blyth, who was killed, and to exclaim, "I am satisfied; I 
die content." Burrows and Blyth were buried in the same 
yard and at the same time, in Portland, Maine. 

The victories of these gallant men did much to establish the 
fame of the American Navy and to win respect even from the 
foe. Each of them was given a gold medal l)y Congress. There 
was another victory nearer home. 



THE WAR OF 1812 127 

Captain Daniel Dobbins Builds Erie Fleet. — Captain Daniel 
Dobbins, of Erie, who had been a prisoner at Detroit in the 
summer of 1812, went to Washington and suggested to the 
President the building of a fleet at that harbor to drive the 
British from the lakes. He was appointed a sailing master in 
the navy, was directed to proceed, and by the 12th of December 
he had two gunboats constructed. In the following January 
he added two sloops of war. The timber was cut and worked 
into shape in the woods around Erie. Captain Oliver H. Perry 
was sent to take command. When Perry arrived at Erie, 
March 27, 1813, the keels of two twenty-gun brigs and a 
schooner had been laid, two gunboats built, and a third begun. 
A volunteer company of sixty men had been organized and 
Dobbins had formed a guard among the mechanics. 

Oliver Perry Captures the British Fleet on Lake Erie.— On 
the 10th of September, out on the lake. Perry met the British 
fleet under Captain Robert H. Barclay, who had served with 
Nelson at Trafalgar. The British had six vessels with sixty- 
three guns, two swivels, and four howitzers. The Americans 
had nine vessels, w^ith fifty-four guns and two swivels. Barclay 
had thirty-five long guns and Perry fifteen, but Perry could 
throw more metal, and, therefore, the advantage at long range 
was with the former, and at close range with the latter. Barclay 
had five hundred men and Perry four hundred and ninety. 

The American fleet attacked and fired the first shot, seeking 
to get to close quarters. The ''Lawrence," the flag flying, 
with the motto ''Don't give up the ship," on board of which was 
Perry, for two hours bore the brunt of the struggle. Of the 
one hundred and three oflacers and men on this ship, twenty-two 
had been killed and sixty-one wounded. His first lieutenant, 
John J. Yarnall, from Pennsylvania, though three times wounded, 
could get no help, and, covered with blood, fired every shot from 
his battery in person. When the "Lawrence" had been silenced 



128 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

and lay a hulk, Perry, leaving her in charge of Yarnall, crossed 
in a boat to the ''Niagara." 

The battle lasted from noon until 3 p. m., and at its close 
Perry sent a dispatch, ''We have met the enemy, and they are 
ours." The whole British fleet had been captured. Sixty-eight 
men had been killed and one hundred and ninety wounded, 
the losses being pretty nearly evenly divided between the two 
combatants. 

The British Blockade the Delaware.— In 1813 the British 
fleet established a blockade of the Delaware River, and in 1814 
Governor Snyder called out the volunteers and militia of the 
State, forming Camp Dapont near Wilmington, and another 
camp at Marcus Hook. 

Stephen Girard Finances the War^ — In 1814 it looked as 
though the American cause must fail for lack of funds, and the 
heads of the national government were in despair. A loan was 
offered in the money market, and so low was the credit of the 
nation that only $200,000 were subscribed. Thereupon Ste- 
phen Girard, of Philadelphia, took the whole issue of bonds, 
amounting to five millions of dollars, and saved us from defeat. 



CHAPTER XIII 
DEVELOPMENT 

The State Capital Established at Harrisburg.— In 1810 an 
Act of Assembly was passed providing for the removal of the 
capital from Lancaster to Harrisburg. John Harris gave fom* 
acres to the State for the purpose, and Wilham Maclay, the 




THE OLD CAPITOL AT HARRISBURG. 

first United States Senator from Pennsylvania, who wrote an 
interesting book of memoirs, gave ten acres more. Until a 
proper builchng could be erected, the government was conducted 
in the Court-house of Dauphin Comity. The corner-stone of 

9 129 



130 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



the Capitol was laid May 31, 1819, and in two years the build- 
ding, afterward destroyed by fire, was completed. 

Early and Varied Manufactures. — Pennsylvania early began 
to show a tendency to become a manufacturing State. Before 
the Revolution stockings had been woven in large quantities 
by the Germans, of Germantown, and become famous; fulling 
mills, grist-mills, and saw-mills were along most of the streams, 
looms had been set up for the weaving of woolen goods; and 
potteries were numerous. Baron Stiegel had made glass at Man- 
heim, specimens of which are now much in demand, and many 
forges and furnaces for the manufacture of iron were owned by 
the Potts family and others. A society for the encouragement 
of manufactures was organized in Philadelphia prior to 1794. 
After the wars, which resulted in setting up an independent 
nation, and the increase of resources that followed, came the 
dawn of an era in which public improvements were demanded. 

The State Helps to 
Build Turnpikes.— The 
first effort was to se- 
cure better highways. 
In 1792 the Phila- 
delphia and Lancaster 
Turnpike was chartered 
and built at a cost of 
$465,000. Before 1828 
one hundred and forty- 
six turnpike companies 
had been chartered and one thousand and seven miles of road 
had been constructed, toward which the State had contributed 
$1,861,542. 

The State Helps to Build Bridges.— The State had also con- 
tributed $382,000 toward the erection of bridges, the building 
of which had before often been aided by lotteries. Perhaps the 




ON THE LANCASTER PIKE. 



DEVELOPMENT 



131 




J'HliKlOAlEX BKIDGE AT COLLEGEVILLE. 




DETAIL OF THE SAME BRIDGE. 



132 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

finest old stone bridge in the State, built in 1799, spans the 
Perkiomen at Collegeville, on the pike between Philadelphia 
and Reading. 

The State Helps to Construct Canals. — William Duane 
wrote, in 1810, that there was not a single canal in the State 
and that two-thirds of the lands remained a wilderness. By 
1828 eighteen navigation companies had been chartered to 
build canals, and the State had made contributions of $130,000. 
A junction of the waters of the Schuylkill and the Susque- 
hanna had been suggested, and Governor Joseph Hiester rec- 
ommended a canal to connect the Chesapeake and Delaware 
Bays. The canal from Reading, on the Schuylkill, to Middle- 
town, on the Susquehanna, was completed in 1827, and that from 
the Delaware to the Chesapeake in 1829. 

The Board of Canal Commissioners. — At the Legislative 
Session of 1826 a Board of Canal Commissioners was created 
to provide for internal improvements, with authority to borrow 
$300,000, and they began to extend canals over the State. 
This board later became the most influential power in the State, 
and was presided over by Thaddeus Stevens. 

The State Helps to Build Railroads. — When railroads began 
to come into use, they were regarded only as an extension of the 
system of highways. The State, therefore, started upon the 
policy of aiding in their construction, and in 1835 owned six 
hundred and one miles of canals and one hundred and nineteen 
miles of railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, now 
having its extensions from ocean to ocean and through the 
country from North to South, generally regarded as the best 
managed system in the world, had its origin in a railroad from 
Philadelphia to Columbia, chartered March 31, 1823. 

The Original Patriotic Purpose of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
— The charter of the existing corporation was approved by 
Governor Francis R. Shunk, April 13, 1840. The Erie Canal, 



DEVELOPMENT 133 

devised by DeWitt Clinton, and constructed by David Thomas, 
a Pennsylvanian, had deflected the trade of the Great Lakes and 
the West from Philadelphia to New York, and made the latter 
the leading city of the nation. It was expected that a railroad 
over the mountains would bring this trade back to Philadel- 
phia and restore the supremacy of that city. In order to make 
sure that no outside influence should get control, the charter 
provided that all of the directors "shall be citizens and residents 
of this commonwealth." This part of the plan failed. The 
road has grown wonderfully in wealth and strength, but the 
patriotic purpose intended has not been served, and, as time 
rolled along, was forgotten. 

The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. — The Philadelphia 
and Reading Railroad had its origin in Chester County in 1831, 
and was incorporated April 4, 1833. Through the foresight 
of Franklin B. Gowen, one of its later presidents, it secured 
control of the greater part of the anthracite coal deposits in 
the State. The charters granted at this period provided that 
the railroads should be highways, and contemplated that pri- 
vate owners of cars should have a right to use them. 

Andrew Jackson Overthrows the United States Bank. — 
The most important national event in the period immediately 
succeeding the close of the War of 1812 was the overthrow of 
the Bank of the United States by President Andrew Jackson. 
This bank had been established by Congress in 1791, and to a 
great extent the financial stability of the country depended 
upon it. Nicholas Biddle, of Philadelphia, was its president. 
Jackson, recognizing that it represented political power as well 
as financial strength, became hostile. In the spring of 1833 he 
appointed William J. Duane, of Philadelphia, Secretary of the 
Treasury and a member of his cabinet. The funds of the 
government had been deposited with the bank, and he ordered 
Duane to remove them and deposit them with the State banks. 



134 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Duane replied that he was ''obhged to dechne to adopt the 
course described." Thereupon, in September, the President 
informed Duane: ''Your further services as Secretary of the 
Treasury are no longer required." His more compliant succes- 
sor, Roger B. Taney, removed the deposits, which was a seripus 
blow to the bank. When the charter of the bank expired 
Congress passed an act renewing it, which the President vetoed. 

The State Tries to Save the Bank.— Thereupon Elijah F. 
Pennypacker, who became a Canal Commissioner with Thaddeus 
Stevens, and was then Chairman of the Committee on Banks of 
the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, had a bill passed 
granting a charter from the State which was approved by 
Governor Joseph Ritner, February 18, 1836. The bank, how- 
ever, too sorely stricken, soon succumbed. 

Panic Follows the Overthrow of the Bank. — The result was a 
widespread financial depression, and through the following years 
the currency of the country consisted of the issues of local 
banks. These notes varied in value according to the strength 
of the banks issuing them, which no man could know. Em- 
ployers bought them up at a discount and paid them to their 
employees at par. Every merchant had to keep a counterfeit 
detector at his side. After an experience of a quarter of a 
century the nation returned to a national banking system. 
The effort of Pennsylvania to advance in canal improvements 
had resulted in the accumulation of a debt which amounted 
in 1838 to $30,174,304. 

Governor Wolf Anticipates Our Corporation Troubles. — In 
his message of 1834 Governor George Wolf maintained that 
corporations ought only to be created for purposes of public 
utility for which individual capital and credit were not suffi- 
cient, and he contended that ''by multiplying these formidable 
irresponsible public bodies we shall in the process of time raise 
up within the commonwealth an aristocratic combination of 



DEVELOPMENT 135 

powers which will dictate its own laws and put at defiance the 
government and the people." This was a philosophic attempt 
to forecast the future and to meet threatened evils in their causes. 
Had the American people been wise enough to heed him they 
would have been saved many of the troubles which now cause 
so much commotion. 

A System of Public Schools Established, — Governor Wolf 
urged the cause of public education. During his administra- 
tion, in 1834, a law was passed providing for a system of public 
schools. The law met with much opposition from the selfish 
thought that one man ought not to be taxed to pay for the 





PROFILES FROM PEALE S MUSEUM. 



education of another man's children. An effort at repeal was 
made at the next session of the Legislature, but was defeated 
largely by the effect of a powerful speech made by Thaddeus 
Stevens. Like many another who has sought wisely to benefit 
humanity, Wolf suffered for his zeal, and at the next election he 
lost the governorship. 

The Famous Peale's Museum. — Charles Willson Peale es- 
tablished the first museum in the United States in the State 
House in Philadelphia in 1802. For it he had painted portraits 
of the leading generals and political characters of the Revolu- 
tion, and it is to him we owe the preservation of their features 



136 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

and those portraits which hang in Independence Hall. He did 
more. In connection with his museum, he employed a skilled 
person to cut profiles. They constituted the portraiture of 
those who could not afford to pay for paintings in oil. Nearly 
all of the profiles found in possession of the older Pennsylvania 
families can be traced to this source. 

Institutions of Learning in Philadelphia. — The Academy of 
Natural Sciences was founded in Philadelphia January 25, 1812. 
The Academy of the Fine Arts, the earliest in America, was 
founded in Philadelphia in 1805, the outcome of a drawing class 
started by Peale in 1791. 

Governor Joseph Ritner. — Owing to a split in the Demo- 
cratic Party, which had controlled the State for thirty-three 
years, Joseph Ritner was elected governor in 1835 by the 
Whigs and Antimasons. He was a plain German farmer, born 
in Berks County, and his education had been very limited. It 
is told that after his election one of his daughters asked her 
mother: '^Mommy, will we all be governors?" The good lady 
replied: ''No, only Daddy and me." Whatever may be the 
foundation for this tale, a local .poet wrote : 

"Der Joseph Ritner ist der mann, 
Wer diesen Stadt regieren kann." 

He was much opposed to slavery, and in a message expressed 
decided views upon the subject. It is of him that Whittier 
wrote : 

"Thank God for the token! One Up is still free, 
One spirit, untrammeled, unbending one knee, 
Like the oak of the mountain, deep-rooted and firm. 
Erect when the multitude bends to the storm; 
When traitors to freedom and honor and God, 
Are bowed at an Idol polluted with blood, 
When the recreant North has forgotten her trust. 
And the lip of her honor is low in the dust; 
Thank God that one man from the shackle has broken! 
Thank God that one man as a freeman has spoken! " 



DEVELOPMENT 137 

The state Constitution of 1837. — In 1837 a convention, pre- 
sided over by John Sergeant, who had been a nominee for the 
Vice-presidency on a ticket with Henry Clay, met at Harris- 
burg and prepared a constitution, adopted the following year. 
It provided that no man should serve as governor more than 
two terms of three years each in any period of nine years, and 
did away with the life tenure of the judges. 

"The Buckshot War." — At the next election Ritner was 
defeated by David R. Porter. The leader of Ritner's friends, 
Thaddeus Stevens, claimed that fraud had been used, and ad- 
vised his party to treat the election as void. When the Assem- 
bly met there were forty-eight Democrats, forty-four Whigs, 
and eight contested seats from Philadelphia. This led to two 
organizations. In the Senate the Whigs had a majority, but 
there were, also contested seats. Stevens went to help his 
party, but an angry crowd drove him away and he escaped 
through a window. The friends of Ritner seized the arsenal. 
The governor ordered out a division of militia, which, armed 
with buckshot, proceeded to quell the insurrection. The event 
has been called "the Buckshot War." 

Riots in Philadelphia. — In 1844, during the administration 
of Governor Porter, serious riots occurred in Philadelphia, 
originating in the hatred of foreign-born citizens and the forma- 
tion of a native American party, in which many were killed 
and wounded and a number of Roman CathoHc churches 
were burned. The militia were called into service. 

Progress in Law. — In 1842 imprisonment for debt was 
abolished in Pennsylvania. In 1848, while Shunk was gov- 
ernor, the right to own and transfer property was conferred 
upon married women. 

A Slavery Contest. — In 1851, during the administration of 
Governor William F. Johnston, occurred one of the preliminary 
contests over the question of slavery. Edward Gorsuch and 



138 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

several others came from Maryland to capture some negroes 
alleged to be fugitive slaves at Christiana, in Lancaster County. 
Gorsuch was killed and his son wounded. Trials for treason 
followed, but they were without result. 

The State Abandons Control of Transportation Lines. — The 
debt of the State amounted, December 1, 1845, to $40,986,393. 
In 1857, James Pollock being governor, the line of railroad 
from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh was sold to the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company for $7,500,000, and the State, disposing of 
this and her other holdings, gave up the policy of endeavoring 
to own and manage lines of transportation. 

Pennsylvania in the Mexican War. — To the war with Mex- 
ico, in 1847, Pennsylvania sent two regiments and several 
companies. In this war Meade, McClellan, Hancock, Hum- 
phreys, Geary, McCall, and other distinguished soldiers re- 
ceived their training. 

President James Buchanan and the Close of Democratic 
Control. — For four years, from 1857 to 1861, the affairs of the 
United States centered about James Buchanan. Born of 
Scotch-Irish ancestry, April 23, 1791, in Franklin County, and 
educated at Dickinson College, he began the practice of law in 
Lancaster, a city which was his home through life. He was a 
member of the Legislature, sat in Congress for ten years, and 
for a year was Minister to Russia. In 1834 he was sent to the 
United States Senate. President Polk made him Secretary of 
State, and he directed foreign affairs when the boundary-line 
with England was settled, Texas acquired, and the war with 
Mexico fought. President Pierce sent him as Minister to 
England, and at the Ostend Conference he sought to bring 
about the purchase of Cuba. In 1856 he was elected President 
of the United States. Altogether a gentleman, with intellectual 
cultivation, pure in conduct, of the highest integrity, he ap- 
proached the ofhce with a training and knowledge of its require- 



DEVELOPMENT 



139 



ments which no one of his predecessors had possessed. But 
he came to it in a time of storm, amid the perishing throes of 
the forces he represented. 

Under the control of the Democratic Party the system of 
slavery had grown and thriven, and now it was confronted with 




^^^i^^^c^ ^Z^i^^iC.^^^^'^S^^, 



Ji.<;^5i'< 



<^pii^ 



destruction. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise brought 
about a struggle in the territory of Kansas. John W. Geary, 
born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, the territorial 
governor, maintained peace for a time and then resigned. 
Andrew H. Reeder, born in Northampton County, Pennsyl- 
vania, likewise governor of the territory, had no better success. 



140 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Buchanan treated the matter from the standpoint of a lawyer 
enforcing acts of Congress, while opposing bodies of men roamed 
through the territory hunting each other with loaded rifles. 

After the election of Lincoln and the secession of the Southern 
States an attempt upon the part of Buchanan to use force would 
have been disastrous, since the South would have been aroused, 
the North would not have given him support, and there was 
not time enough to try conclusions. The most he could hope 
to do was to hold the government together, while his successor, 
resting on another source of power, should be inaugurated, and 
this, with the aid of his able Attorney-general, Jeremiah S. 
Black, he accomphshed. It was the close of a regime which 
began with Jefferson. 



CHAPTER XIV 
THE REBELLION 

The First Protest in America Against Slavery. — At the 
opening of the year 1861 the population of Pennsylvania was 
2,849,259. Her indebtedness amounted to $37,969,847.50. 
The struggle against the institution of slavery in this country 
began with the protest of the Germans, of Germanto^\^l, in 1688. 
The Quakers, as a sect, very early sent forth their testimonies 
against it. 

Early Abolition Publications.^Prior to the Revolution Ralph 
Sandiford, Benjamin Lay, and Anthony Benezet had pub- 
hshed works in Philadelphia setting forth its iniquities, and 
Benezet had great influence in bringing about the abolition of 
the slave trade in England. The earhest AboKtion Society 
had been formed in Philadelphia, and the earliest conventions 
of these societies met in that city. 

Movements Against Slavery. — In 1790 the Annual Meeting 
of the Quakers presented a memorial to Congress asking for 
the discouragement of the slave trade and the traffic in slaves. 
While half of the Massachusetts delegation opposed the prop- 
osition, it received the support of all of the members of the 
House from Pennsylvania. Benjamin Rush wTote, in 1784, 
'The slaves of the Southern States feel a pleasure when the 
name of Pennsylvania sounds in their ears." The Legislature 
of this State, the first in America to take such a step, passed an 
act definitely abolishing slavery in 1780. 

The Underground Railroad. — Long before the war stations 
on what was called "The Underground Railroad" were estab- 

141 



142 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



lished in many of the border counties to aid escaped slaves on 
their way to Canada. 

The Wilmot Proviso. — When Congress proposed to purchase 
territory from Mexico, in 1846, David Wilmot, of Bradford 
County, offered a proviso that slavery be excluded from the 
lands so purchased, and he achieved national fame. 

The First Republican Convention Held at Pittsburgh. — 
The Repubhcan Party, based upon opposition to the extension 




ANDREW GREGG CURTIN. 



of slavery, which party has controlled the country for a half 
century, held its first national convention in Pittsburgh in 1856. 
The Election of Lincoln and Secession. — The election of 
Andrew G. Curtin, the candidate of this party as governor in 
1860, made certain the result of the presidential election. 
After it became known that Abraham Lincoln would have a 
majority of the electoral votes, the Southern States, led by 
South Carolina, began to secede, and then came the seizure of 
the forts and munitions in the South — and war. 



THE REBELLION 143 

Pennsylvania's Patriotic ZeaL— The promptness, vigor, and 
patriotic zeal with which Pennsylvania met the situation con- 
fronting her and the nation must always be a source of pride 
to her citizens. As early as December, 1860, John B. Floyd, 
the Secretary of War, a Southern man, hoping to aid the South, 
ordered seven hundred tons of cannon, arms, and ammunition 
to be removed from the arsenal in Allegheny County to New 
Orleans. The people of Pittsburgh gathered in meetings and 
publicly protested. Edwin M. Stanton, a resident of that city 
and at the time Attorney-general of the United States, who came 
to be recognized later as one of the determining factors of the 
war, had the order rescinded. In his inaugural address Gov- 
ernor Curtin announced that Pennsylvania would give ''a full 
and determined support of the free institutions of the Union." 
At the head of the most exposed Northern State he became the 
most energetic and efficient of the war governors. 

Pennsylvania Legislature Pledges Support to the Govern- 
ment. — After the secession of South Carolina, on January 24, 
1861, the Legislature passed resolutions asserting that the Con- 
stitution must be maintained, and that ''it is the solemn and 
most imperative duty of the government to adopt and carry 
into effect whatever measures may be necessary to that end, 
and the faith and power of Pennsylvania are hereby pledged to 
the support of such measures in any manner and to any extent 
that may be required of her by the constituted authorities of 
the United States." 

Lincoln Expresses His Gratitude.— Lincoln, on his way to 
Washington, made addresses at Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and, 
the last before his inauguration, at Harrisburg. In Philadel- 
phia he raised a flag over Independence Hall on the morning of 
February 20th, and forecasting that fate which threatened him 
in Baltimore and which he finally met, he said: 'Tf this country 
cannot be saved without giving up that principle ... I would 



144 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

rather be assassinated on this spot than surrender it." At 
Harrisburg, later on the same day, before the governor and 
Legislature, he made this significant statement: ''I am exceed- 
ingly gratified to see the manifestation upon your streets of 
your mihtary force here, and exceedingly gratified at your 
promise to use that force upon a proper emergency." 

Lincohi Reaches Washington. — Then, abandoning the route 
over the Northern Central Railroad, which had been planned, 
he returned, in order to avoid the Baltimore plot, to Philadel- 
phia, and at midnight went over the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore Railroad to Washington. 

The Tocsin of War and Pennsylvania's Prompt Response. — 
At half -past four o'clock on the morning of April 12, 1861, the 
rebels opened fire, with their batteries, upon Fort Sumpter. 
It was the tocsin of war. Before the day closed came the answer 
of the North. The Legislature of Pennsylvania passed and the 
governor approved an act appropriating $500,000 with which 
to arm, and providing that ''should the President of the United 
States at any time make a requisition for part of the militia of 
this State for the public service the Adjutant-general shall take 
the most prompt measures for supplying the number of men 
required and having them marched to the place of rendezvous." 
The passage of this act is one of the most fateful events in the 
history of the world. It takes rank with the crossing of the 
Rubicon and the dinner of the Dutch ''Beggars of the Sea." 
Its passage was due to the influence of Alexander K. McClure, 
a senator from the county of Franklin, and its example was 
soon followed by New York, Massachusetts, and other States. 

Lieutenant Slemmer at Fort Pickens. — After the capture of 
Fort Sumpter by the rebels, the nation had only one fort in the 
seceding States which it had been able to retain, Fort Pickens, 
in Florida, commanded by Lieutenant A. J. Slemmer, of Norris- 
town. 



THE REBELLION 145 

Simon Cameron Secretary of War.- — It was evident that a life 
and death struggle over the continuance of the government 
was impending, and the President made Simon Cameron, of 
Pennsylvania, Secretary of War. Cameron recommended the 
calling out of a milUon of men. 

Lincoln Calls for Volunteers. — On the 15th of April, three 
days after the steps taken by this State to arm, Lincoln called 
for seventy-five thousand volunteers for a term of three months. 
The number required from Pennsylvania was fourteen thousand. 

Pennsylvania Responds. — The response was immediate. 
The Ringgold Light Artillery of Reading, the Logan Guards of 
Lewistown, The Washington Artillery, the National Light 
Infantry of Pottsville, and the Allen Rifles of AllentowTi, five 
companies numbering five hundred and thirty men, reached 
Washington on April 18th, the vanguard of a mighty host. 
They received a vote of thanks from Congress and are distin- 
guished as the ''First Defenders" of the capital. 

Col. W. F. Small's Regiment Attacked in Baltimore.— The 
following day, April 19th, Colonel William F. Small's Regiment 
from Philadelphia, and the Sixth Massachusetts, on their way 
south, were attacked in the streets of Baltimore by a mob. 
Many were injured and the first bloodshed caused by the 
Rebellion had occurred. Small's force, being unarmed, was 
driven back, but the Massachusetts troops succeeded in reaching 
Washington. 

War Threatens the Border. — For a time the Rebelhon reared 
its head along the borders of Pennsylvania. The rebels burned 
the railroad bridges over the Gunpowder and Bush Rivers, 
in Maryland, cutting off communication with the capital, and 
they set up a guard at the Conowingo Bridge over the Sus- 
quehanna only a few miles from the borders of Lancaster 
County. The government established a camp at Perryville, 
on the north bank of the Susquehanna. 

10 



146 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Camp Curtin. — A camp was established at Harrisburg 
called "Camp Curtin," and so great was the enthusiasm to 
enlist that while twenty-five regiments were sent to the front, 
thirty others were refused. 

Pennsylvania Commanders. — Robert Patterson, of Philadel- 
phia, who had won distinction in the war with Mexico and in 
the riots, then nearly seventy years old, was appointed a 
Major-general of Volunteers and was given the command of 
the Department of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 
In the Shenandoah Valley he was the first to confront Stone- 
wall Jackson. George B. McClellan, of Philadelphia, who had 
reported to the government the operations in the Crimean War, 
was appointed a Major-general and given command in West 
Virginia, where he won several victories and a reputation. 
His soldiers were devoted to him and dubbed him "Little Mac." 

The State Legislature Provides Money for Troops.— On 
May 15, 1861, acting under the inspiration of Governor Curtin, 
the Legislature passed an act authorizing the borrowing of 
three millions of dollars with which to arm the State and pro- 
viding for the organizing of thirteen regiments of infantry, one 
regiment of cavalry, and one regiment of light artillery, to 
be known as the "Reserve Volunteer Corps" of the common- 
wealth, but "to be mustered into the service of the United 
States at "such times as requisitions may be made by the 
President." 

The Organization of Troops. — With a wisdom later followed 
by the nation they were enlisted for a period of three years, or 
during the war, George A. McCall was appointed Major- 
general and the force was divided into three brigades, com- 
manded by Brigadier-generals John F. Reynolds, of Lancaster 
County, George Gordon Meade, of Philadelphia, and E. O. C. 
Ord, all to become famous in the course of the war. The corps 
numbered 15,856 men. 



THE REBELLION 147 

the Pennsylvania Reserves Save the Union Army. — The 

foresight of Governor Curt in proved to be of the utmost im- 
portance for the safety of the nation. On the 21st of July the 
Union Army, at the battle of Bull Run, was beaten and broken 
into fragments. Its soldiers, a disorganized mass, fled to 
Washington and sought shelter behind the fortifications there 
and through the streets of the city. It was generally expected 
that the victorious rebels would capture the capital, and had 
they done so the issues of the war would probably have been 
very different. Lincoln made the requisition which had been 
provided for by the Peimsylvania statute. The Assistant 
Secretary of War telegraphed to Curtin on the 21st, "Lose no 
time in preparation. Make things move to the utmost." One 
regiment started at noon on that day. Within two days the 
Pennsylvania Reserves were guarding the entrenchments, and 
the danger passed. They were the only division in the armies 
of the Union during the whole war all of whose soldiers came 
from a single State, and they became noted upon man}- a battle- 
field. 

General McClellan in Command of the Army of the Potomac. 
— After the defeat at Bull Run, General McClellan was called 
to Washington and put in command of the Union forces. His 
most valuable contribution to the cause was that he organized 
and disciplined the Army of the Potomac, the army upon which 
the brunt of the struggle fell. After creating that army and 
getting it well equipped, he made an effort to capture Rich- 
mond by way of the James River, and fought many bloody 
but unsuccessful battles upon the peninsula of Eastern Virginia. 



CHAPTER XV 
THE REBELLION (Continued) 

The Grow-Keitt Fracas. — At the beginning of the war Galusha 
A. Grow, of Susquehanna County, was Speaker of the National 
House of Representatives. In the midst of the spirited scenes 
which led up to the struggle I^awrence M. Keitt, of South 
Carolina, made a personal assault upon him. Grow knocked 
Keitt down and, when challenged to a duel, selected rifles as 
the weapons and Canada as the place. Neither choice suited 
Keitt. 

Thomas A. Scott Assistant Secretary of War. — Thomas A. 
Scott, afterward President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany, became Assistant Secretary of War and gave important 
aid to the government. 

The First Officers Killed. — Lieutenant-colonel John T. 
Greble, of Philadelphia, was killed at Big Bethel, June 9, 1861, 
and was the first officer of the regular army to lose his life in 
the war. Major-general Edward D. Baker, long a resident 
of the same city, and colonel in command of the 71st Penn- 
sylvania Regiment, a United States Senator from the State of 
Oregon, was killed at Ball's Bluff, October 21, 1861. 

General Charles F. Smith Succeeds Grant. — Major-general 
Charles F. Smith, a regular army officer, from Pennsylvania, 
led the assault upon Fort Donelson, on the Tennessee River. 
When Grant was relieved from command upon a charge of 
disobedience. Smith took his place and led the Army of Ten- 
nessee forward to Shiloh. In the battle at that place the 77th 

148 



THE REBELLION 



149 



Pennsylvania participated and was the only regiment to rep- 
resent the East. 




UNION VOLUNTEER REFRESHMENT SALOON. 

The Famous **Cooper Shop."— The Union Volunteer and 
Cooper Shop Refreshment Saloons, in Philadelphia, supported 



150 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

by contributions from the citizens, fed every Northern soldier 
as he passed through that city on his way to and returning from 
the South. 

The Confederates Threaten Pennsylvania. — In the late sum- 
mer of 1862 the Rebels entered Maryland and threatened an 
invasion of Pennsylvania. Curtin called into the service of 
the State fifty thousand mihtia. Fifteen thousand of them 
marched to Hagerstown, Maryland; ten thousand to Cham- 
bersburg and Greencastle, and twenty-five thousand were held 
in reserve at Harrisburg. 

McClellan at South Mountain and Antietam. — After the 
defeat of General John Pope at the second battle of Bull Run, 
and upon the surge of the Rebellion to the northward, Lincoln 
again called upon General McClellan to take command of the 
Army of the Potomac. At South Mountain and Antietam he 
defeated Lee and drove him back to Virginia. The 17th of 
September, just at the dawn of day, the battle of Antietam was 
opened by the Pennsylvania Reserves and continued for four- 
teen hours. It turned out to be the bloodiest day of the entire 
war. McClellan lost twelve thousand four hundred and ten 
men, and Lee probably more. The war was first transferred 
to the soil of this State in the fall of 1862. The Rebel general, 
J. E. B. Stuart, at the head of a force of cavalry, rode into 
Chambersburg October 10th, cut the telegraph wires, took 1200 
horses, ransacked the stores, and burnt the warehouse and depot. 

Fredericksburg and the Pennsylvania Generals. — At 
Fredericksburg, Burnside, commanding the Army of the Po- 
tomac, crossed the Rappahannock, and December^, 1862, 
ordered an assault upon Maryes Heights, just beyond the town, 
which lies along the river. The army was divided into two 
grand divisions, right and left. It has been pointed out by 
a historian as a fact of interest that when Burnside issued 
his order for the attack on the left, Parke, his Chief-of-staff, 



THE REBELLION 151 

who signed it, Franklin, the Commander of the grand division 
to whom it was directed, Reynolds, the Corps Commander, 
who had charge of its execution, Meade, whose division was 
ordered to scale the Heights, and Gibbon and Birney, whose 
divisions were ordered to support Meade, all were generals 
who came from the southeastern Quaker corner of Pennsyl- 
vania. Meade reached the Heights and the road beyond, but, 
not being sustained, could not hold them. On the right the 
division of Humphreys, another Pennsylvanian, made the 
furthest advance and got within ten paces of the wall. The 
brigade of Allebach was in the lead. It was a brave but hope- 
less effort, and the army fell back across the river. 

Pennsylvania Corps Commanders. — Then Major-general Jo- 
seph Hooker took command. Of the seven corps into which 
he divided the army, two were assigned to Pennsylvanians — 
Rejmolds and Meade. 

Lee's Invasion of Pennsylvania. — Elated with his successes 
at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and forgetting Antie- 
tam, Lee, who never succeeded in an aggressive movement, 
determined again to lead his army northward and invade 
Pennsylvania. The effort proved fatal to his career and the 
cause of the Rebellion. On the 15th of June he crossed the 
Potomac at WiUiamsport. On the 24th he made the vital 
mistake of detaching his cavalry under Stuart, who rode around 
the Union Army and left him without the means of getting in- 
formation of the movement of his opponent. The day that 
Lee crossed the Potomac, Lincoln issued a proclamation calling 
for fifty thousand men from Pennsylvania to repel the invasion. 
Curtin called upon her citizens 'Vho love liberty and are mind- 
ful of the history and traditions of their revolutionary fathers 
and who feel that it is a sacred duty to guard and maintain 
the free institutions of our country, who hate treason and its 
abettors, and who are ^\'illing to defend their homes and their 



152 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

firesides, ... to rise in their might and rush to the rescue in 
this hour of imminent peril." 

The Department of the Susquehanna. — Major-general D. N. 
Couch was sent to Harrisburg and there he organized the 
Department of the Susquehanna. He threw up a fortifica- 
tion in front of the town on the opposite side of the river. 

The Department of the Monongahela. — In response to the 
call of the governor, five thousand one hundred and sixty-six 
men enlisted in the Department of the Monongahela, and 
thirty-one thousand four hundred and twenty-two in the 
Department of the Susquehanna. Of these, eight regiments 
of infantry, two batteries, six companies of cavalry, and four 
independent companies of infantry entered the service of the 
United States for the ''existing emergency," and the others 
were sworn in as militia for three and six months. 

The Confederates Enter the State. — About eighteen hundred 
Rebels, under command of General Jenkins, reached Green 
Castle on the 15th, and Chambersburg the same night. They 
remained for three days plundering the country. General R. 
E. Rodes, in the advance of Lee's army, occupied Chambers- 
burg on the 23d of June. 

Lee's Army in Pennsylvania. — On the 26th Lee sent General 
Jubal A. Early, with his division of six thousand three hundred 
and sixty-eight men, with four batteries and White's cavalry, 
across the mountains to hold in check the Army of the Potomac. 
At Gettysburg they encountered the 26th Pennsylvania Emer- 
gency Regiment and drove it away after a skirmish of half an 
hour in which some men were shot. It is believed that this 
firing led Lee to concentrate his army at Gettysburg. 

Early's Cavalry at York and Wrightsville. — Early seized 
York on the 27th, and reached Wrightsville on the 28th, where 
there was also a combat. The 27th Pennsylvania Emergency 
Regiment, aided by some of the 26th, burned the bridge over 



THE REBELLION 



153 



the Susquehanna and halted the advance. At CarHsle, on the 
27th, the rebels opened their batteries on the town and some 
men were wounded. 

The Confederate General Rodes Four Miles from Harris- 
burg. — On the 28th Rodes reached a point within four miles of 
Harrisburg, the next day made a reconnaissance of the defensive 
works, and ordered that on the 30th an assault be made. It 
was the farthest point northward that the Rebels reached 
during the war. At this juncture he was recalled by Lee. 




GEORGE GORDON MEADE. 



Meade Placed in Command of the Army of the Potomac. — 

On the 28th the Army of the Potomac, marching northward 
on the east side of the mountains at the rate of thirty miles a 
day, was at Frederick, Maryland. Then Lincoln, in the iace 
of a victorious enemy and on the verge of the most momentous 
battle of the war, displaced Hooker and put a Pennsylvanian, 
George G. Meade, in command of the army. No general ever 



154 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



had responsibility thrust upon him under more difficult cir- 
cumstances. 

The Character of General Meade. — Fortunately for the 
country, no man more capable of bearing the burden could have 
been found. Brave, without being rash, wise, without being 
pretentious, skilled in all the requirements of his art, withal a 
gentleman, he accepted the appointment and set about the 
performance of his task. 

The Battle of Gettysburg. — On the 30th, Stuart, endeavoring, 
after an absence of a week, to find his way back to Lee, en- 
countered Kilpatrick in the streets of Hanover and was re- 
pulsed. The two armies which confronted each other at 
Gettysburg were about equal in numbers, and each had from 

about eighty to ninety-five 
thousand men. 

The First Day's Battle at 
Gettysburg. — Seven roads 
meet at Gettysburg, as the 
spokes of a wheel run into 
the hub. On July 1st 
Reynolds, having with him 
only the first and eleventh 
corps, learned that the 
Rebels were advancing in 
force upon the Chambers- 
burg Pike, and with sol- 
dierly instinct he marched 
out toward a crest to the 
west of the town. It was 
an untenable position for 
the reason that the roads led to his rear, but he no doubt 
had seen the strength of the position behind him on the 
Cemetery Ridge, and wanted to hold the enemy in check 




WINFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK. 



THE REBELLION 155 

until Meade could occupy that ridge. The battle was opened 
by a volley from Colonel J. W. Hofmann's 57th Pennsylvania 
Regiment. In the early morning Reynolds was killed by a 
sharpshooter, and by nightfall his troops had been driven back 
through the town to Cemetery Ridge. There they found 
Major-general Winfield S. Hancock, ''the superb," a native of 
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, whom Meade had sent 
to the front to take command and who on the way had seen the 
dead body of Reynolds. Meade arrived during the night. The 
line occupied extended from Round Top along Cemetery Ridge 
to a point beyond Culp's Hill, about three miles and a quarter 
in length, and was somewhat in the shape of a fish-hook, with 
the bend at Culp's Hill. The occupation of this strong line 
made it essential that Lee, who could not remain idle in a 
hostile country with his large army, should make some decisive 
move. Instead of endeavoring to flank Meade's left, he or- 
dered an attack upon each wing of the Union Army. 

The Second Day*s Battle at Gettysburg. — As it happened, 
that part of Meade's line to which he had sent the Third Corps, 
under General Daniel E. Sickles, was to some extent in a 
depression. On July 2d, Sickles, seeing a more elevated loca- 
tion on the Emmittsburg Road, moved out, without orders, to 
occupy it. The effect w^as to make a gap in the line and to 
leave the Third Corps exposed without support. The oppor- 
tunity was offered to Lee of repeating the movement which had 
proved so successful at Chancellorsville by making an attack 
upon an exposed flank. He ordered Longstreet to attack 
Sickles. Meade, suddenly confronted with an emergency, taking 
in the situation at once, ordered up the supports from the rest 
of the army and prevented a disaster. Seeing the enemy pour- 
ing between the corps of Sickles and that of Hancock on his 
right, Meade at the head of his staff, with drawn sword, rode 
into the gap and there placed the regiments hurrying to the 



156 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

relief. His horse was shot under him while engaged. There 
was desperate fighting in the peach orchard on the Emmittsburg 
Road and through the Devil's Den among the rocks. Sickles 
lost a leg, but it ended in the retention by Meade of the line 
from Round Top to Gulp's Hill. 

The Third Day's Battle at Gettysburg.— On the third day 
Lee ordered an assault upon the centre. It was a mistake. 
At this point, behind a low stone wall, lay the Philadelphia 
Brigade. Preceded by a fierce artillery fire, which among other 
things pierced a half-dozen times the httle house in which 
Meade had his headquarters, the Rebel general, Pickett, led 
eighteen thousand men in a charge across the low flat that lay 
between the two opposing armies. Artillery and musketry 
mowed them down as they advanced. A few crossed the stone 
wall only to be killed or captured. The charge crumbled and 
failed, and the battle of Gettysburg, the most momentous in all 
modern times, had ended. Lee retreated across the Potomac 
back to Virginia, the broken leader of a lost cause, whose suc- 
cesses were all in the past. In this tremendous oonflict Meade 
lost twenty-three thousand and forty-nine, and Lee twenty- 
eight thousand and sixty-three men. 

The Cavalry Battle at Gettysburg. — On the third day Llan- 
cock, badly wounded, was carried off the field. While Pickett 
was making his charge, Stuart, with the Rebel cavalry, en- 
deavored to break the Union line in the centre from the rear, 
but there he met General David McMurtrie Gregg, of Berks 
County, in command of the Union cavalry, and was defeated in 
the most important cavalry battle war. 

Gettysburg a Pennsylvania Battle. — While all of the Northern 
States contributed their courage and m-anhood, Gettysburg, 
in its location, its leadership, and its incidents, was essen- 
tially a Pennsylvania battle. Thereafter the Southern Con- 
iederacy staggered along to Appomattox, and during the 



THE REBELLION 



157 



whole of that period Meade commanded the Army of the 
Potomac. 

The Burning of Chambersburg.— On July 30, 1864, the Rebel 
general, McCausland, set fire to Chambersburg, destroyed 
$3,000,000 worth of property, and made three thousand people 
homeless. This Pennsylvania town was the only one in the 
North to suffer such an experience. 

Geary at Lookout Mountain.— Brigadier-general John White 
Geary, of Westmoreland County, who had been the first mayor 




SANITARY FAIR AT PHILADELPHIA. 



of San Francisco and governor of Kansas, and was later to be 
a governor of Pennsylvania, fought the battle above the clouds 
at Lookout Mountain in Tennessee. John Frederic Hartranft, 
bre vetted a major-general, led an assault upon Fort Steadman 
and captured it. 

A Philadelphian Finances the War. — Jay Cooke, of Phila- 
delphia, the financier of the RebeUion, conducted for the na- 
tional government the sale of the Five- twenty and Seven- 
forty Bonds which enabled it to succeed. 

The Great Sanitary Fair. — At the fair in aid of the United 



158 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

States Sanitary Commission, held in Logan Square, Phila- 
delphia, in 1864, over a milHon dollars were raised. 

Pennsylvania's Contribution of Men to the Cause. — Making 
the calculation upon the basis of a three years' service, Penn- 
sylvania had two hundred and fourteen thousand four hundred 
and twenty-seven men in the service. The actual number was 
much greater, and this calculation does not include the fifty 
thousand militia of 1862 and the thirty-six thousand five hun- 
dred and eighty-six militia of 1863. She had fifteen thousand 
two hundred and sixty-five men killed in battle, being seven and 
one-tenth per cent, of her troops, the largest percentage of 
killed of any State during the war. Of the forty-five regiments 
having the most killed, six were from New York, six from Mas- 
sachusetts, and eleven from Pennsylvania. 

The Terrible Losses.— On the death-roll the 83d Pennsyl- 
vania Regiment stands second, wdth two hundred and eighty- 
two men killed in battle. The 61st Pennsylvania Regiment 
had nineteen officers killed, more than any other regiment 
in the war. The loss at Gettysburg was greater than that in 
any other battle. In this battle the 151st Pennsylvania Regi- 
ment lost three hundred and thirty-five killed, wounded, and 
missing. 

The Youngest General Officer.— Galusha Pennypacker, of 
Chester County, a brigadier-general and brevet major-general 
when under twenty-two years of age, was the youngest general 
of the war. He led the assault at the capture of Fort Fisher 
and was wounded seven times in eight months. 

One Pennsylvania Family's Service. — A single Pennsyl- 
vania family sent into the war two generals, an adjutant- 
general, four colonels, a lieutenant-colonel, two surgeons, two 
assistant surgeons, an adjutant, nine captains, seven lieuten- 
ants, and one hundred and sixteen sergeants, corporals, and 
privates, in all one hundred and forty-five men, a record, 



THE REBELLION 159 

which so far as has been ascertained, was not elsewhere 
equaled. 

Pennsylvania Officers.— Pennsylvania had forty-eight gen- 
eral officers and fourteen commanders of armies and corps: 
Meade, McClellan, Hancock, Reynolds, Humphreys, Birney, 
Gibbon, Parke, Naglee, Smith, Cadwalader, Crawford, Heintz- 
elman, and Frankhn. 

Benjamin H. Grierson, Brevet Major-general, U. S. A., a 
native of Pittsburgh, reached distinction by a number of 
brilHant cavalry raids in the Southwest. 

Washington L. ElHott, Brevet Major-general, U. S. A., born 
in Carlisle, was Chief of Cavalry in the Army of the Cumber- 
land and commanded a department. 

Admiral David D. Porter, born in Chester, participated in 
the capture of New Orleans, and was in command of the fleet 
at Vicksburg and Fort Fisher. 

Lincoln^s Secretaries of War were Pennsylvanians. — 
Through all of Lincoln's administration military affairs were 
directed by a Secretary of War from Pennsylvania. Simon 
Cameron was succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton, a man of tre- 
mendous force of character, by whom general and private were 
both treated ahke; who, forecasting a time when a weak for- 
getfulness would see no difference between those who fought 
to save and those who fought to destroy the Union, prevented 
the return of Arlington to the Lees by converting it into a 
National Cemetery, and filling it with dead soldiers, and whose 
invaluable services to the cause of the nation it has become 
the fashion to overlook. 



CHAPTER XVI 
THE LATER PERIOD 

Reconstruction. — After the War of the Rebellion had resulted 
not only in the maintenance of the Union, but also in the in- 
crease of its powers, came the important questions of re- 
construction and the determination of the relation to it of the 
States which had unsuccessfully endeavored to secede. 

Thaddeus Stevens — His Views and Character. — Throughout 
this period the most forceful personality was Thaddeus Stevens, 
of Lancaster County, the Speaker of the National House of 
Representatives, and perhaps no man in the history of the 
government ever wielded more individual power. Strong of 
will and keen in intellect, he ever had a friendly sympathy for 
the negro race, and his plan was, after the negroes had been 
given the right of suffrage, to reorganize the governments of 
the seceded States upon this foundation. Temporarily this 
plan caused hardship and imperfection of government, but 
in the temper in which the minds of men at the time were 
it is doubtful whether any other was then feasible. He led 
the movement for the impeachment of the President, Andrew 
Johnson. His character is illustrated by an anecdote. Old, 
feeble, and approaching the end of his long career, two men daily 
carried him up the long flight of steps to the Capitol. On one 
occasion he turned to them and said: "1 wonder who will carry 
me up these steps when you two are dead?" In his will he 
directed that his body should be buried in a negro graveyard in 
Lancaster. 

160 



THE LATER PERIOD 



161 



Soldiers' Orphans Schools.— In the midst of the war the State 
adopted the poUcy of providing schools for the education of 
the soldiers' orphans. These schools were maintained by 
the State at Scottdale, in Franklin County, and the Yellow 
Springs, in Chester County, down to the present time. 




THADDEUS STEVENS. 

The Fmancial Panic of 1873.— Jay Cooke, who had been the 
financial agent of the national government, undertook to con- 
struct the Northern Pacific Railroad, to extend the railroad 
system of the east to the Pacific Ocean. It was an effort of 
unprecedented magnitude and under the burden of it the firm 
of Jay Cooke & Co. failed in 1873, marking the close of the 
prosperous period of the war and causing much financial dis- 
tress. Nevertheless the road was completed. 
11 



162 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Organization of the National Guard. — General John F. 
Hartranft, elected governor in 1872, took much interest in the 
National Guard, and through his exertions this force was re- 
organized under the provisions of the Act of May 14, 1874. It 
constituted an efficient body of about ten thousand men, 
which has been at the service of both State and nation when- 
ever needed. In 1905 the State began the pohcy of erect- 
ing armories for the guard in different localities for the pur- 
poses of drill, meeting, and rendezvous. 

The Strikes of 1877. — During the period which followed the 
close of the War of the Rebelhon there were at various times 
industrial disturbances resulting in strikes and outl:»ursts of 
violence, some of which made it necessary to call out the 
National Guard. The most serious of them started at Pitts- 
burgh July 14, 1877. Two thousand freight cars and many 
buildings were destroyed. Both State and national troops 
were required for its suppression. 

Laying of the Comer-stone of City Hall, Philadelphia. — July 
4, 1874, the corner-stone of the City Hall in Philadelphia, at 
Broad and Market Streets, occupying the old Centre Square, 
was laid. This hall is built of white marble, occupies fourteen 
and a half acres of ground, has a tower five hundred and forty- 
seven feet high, on the top of which is a bronze statue of Wil- 
liam Penn, thirty feet in height, and it cost for construction 
alone $18,243,339.86. 

The State Constitution of 1873. — A new constitution for 
the State was adopted December 16, 1873. The President 
of the convention, Wilham M. Meredith, died during the ses- 
sions, and was succeeded by John H. W^alker, of Erie. The terms 
of the members of the Senate and House were lengthened and 
the Legislative sessions were ordered to be held every two years. 
An effort was made to prevent by prohibition special and local 
legislation. The power to create municipal indebtedness was 



THE LATER PERIOD 163 

limited. The Legislature was forbidden to create corpora- 
tions by special legislation and provision was made for the regu- 
lation of railroads. 

The Centennial Exhibition m Philadelphia.— Governor John 
W. Geary, in a message in 1871, recommended that a national 
celebration be held in the city of Philadelphia to commemorate 
the one hundredth anniversary of the estabhshment of inde- 
pendence. It took the form of an international exposition, which 
was opened April 19 and closed October 19, 1876. The Act 
of Congress of March 3, 1871, pursued the inconsistent course 
of providing that the exhibition should be held ''under the 
auspices of the government of the United States," but that 
''the United States shall not be liable for any expenses attend- 
ing such exhibition or by reason of the same." It remains the 
only one of these great American expositions which directly 
concerned the national government and to which that govern- 
ment gave no financial assistance. The burden of presenting 
to the world a representation of national accomplishment in a 
century rested upon Pennsylvania. The State contributed 
the sum of $1,015,000. The city of Philadelphia contributed 
$1,575,000. The citizens of Pennsylvania made up the sum 
of $2,590,000. There was raised by means of the sale of stock 
the sum of $2,357,750. Individuals to the number of 9,789,392 
paid for entrance into the exhibition grounds the sum of 
$3,813,749.75, and of these the largest attendance was on 
Pennsylvania Day, when 257,286 persons entered the grounds. 

John Welsh, President of the Board of Finance, became the 
most important personal factor. One hundred and eighty 
buildings were erected, of which Memorial Hall was intended 
to be permanent. All of the nations of the world sent their 
products. The attention of mankind was drawn to America. 
Art received an impetus the results of which are still felt. A 
Congress of Authors met in Independence Hall July 2d, and 



164 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



there each deposited a sketch of some person identified with the 
struggle for independence. 

State Geological Survey. — During the administration of Gov- 
ernor Geary a geological survey of the State was instituted. 

Philadelphia Celebrates her Two Hundredth Birthday. — 
In 1882 the city of Philadelphia celebrated the two hundredth 
anniversary of the foundation of the province, and in 1887 
there was celebrated the centennial of the birth of the nation 
in the same city. In the course of the latter event a breakfast 
was given to the Supreme Court of the United; States, and a 




MEMORIAL HALL, FAIRMOUNT PARK 

dinner in the Academy of Music to the representatives of the 
government of the nation, attended by the President and his 
wife, the General of the Army, the Admiral of the Navy, mem- 
bers of the Cabinet, Foreign Ministers, Senators, and Governors. 

The Johnstown Flood.— On May 31, 1889, following heavy 
rains, a dam on the Conemaugh River covering six hundred 
acres gave way and the flood swept the valley below and the 
town of Johnstown. Houses and men alike were swept off the 
earth. Three thousand lives were lost. 

The Burning of the Old State Capitol.— February 2, 1897, the 
State Capitol at Harrisburg was burned to the ground. In 



THE LATER PERIOD 165 

this building Presidents Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, Lincoln, 
Grant, and Hayes, and Senator Daniel Webster had all spoken. 

The Beginnings of State Forestry.— Under the administra- 
tion of Governor James A. Beaver Pennsylvania began the policy 
of encouraging the preservation of the forests, and a commission 
was appointed to consider the subject. A commission to report 
measures for the preservation of the forests was appointed by 
Governor Robert E. Pattison in 1893. 

Governor Daniel H. Hastings established a Department of 
Agriculture in 1895. 

Pennsylvania Troops in the Spanish-American War.— A 
war with Spain aroused the patriotism of the people in 1898. 
Pennsylvania sent into the service of the nation her National 
Guard of five hundred and ninety-two officers and ten thousand 
two hundred and sixty-eight men, and a further force of six 
thousand three hundred and seventy men. Her full quota 
was furnished before that of any other State. The only one of 
the thirteen original States to take such action, she sent the 
Tenth Regiment from Pittsburgh, commanded by Colonel 
Hawkins, to the Philippines. Major-general John R. Brooke, 
from Pottstown, had command of the United States forces in 
Cuba and Porto Rico. 

The Preservation of the Field of Gettysburg.— On April 30, 
1864, the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association w^as in- 
corporated for the purpose of holding and preserving the grounds 
with their natural and artificial defences "to commemorate the 
heroic deeds, the struggles, and the triumphs of their brave 
defenders." The movement beginning in this way and later 
transferred to the national government has resulted in having 
the locations of the different commands in this pivotal battle 
of the war more completely designated than those of any other 
battleground in the world. The greater part of the work was 
done under the supervision of Colonel John P. Nicholson, of 



166 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Philadelphia, Chairman of the National Commission. An im- 
pressive memorial to the soldiers of Pennsylvania who fought 
in the battle was erected on the field in 1910. 

Valley Forge a State Park. — In 1893 the commonwealth 
established a park at Valley Forge, where Washington and the 
Continental Army were encamped in the winter of 1777-78, so 
that the site and the fortifications ''may be maintained as nearly 




PENNSYLVANIA MEMORIAL AT GETTYSBURG. 



as possible in their original condition." Over four hundred 
and seventy-two acres of ground have been secured, including 
the headquarters, and two hundred thousand persons visit the 
historic place annually. 

New State Departments Created. — During the administra- 
tion of the governor who held office from 1903 to 1907 five 



THE LATER PERIOD 167 

new departments — those of Mines, Fisheries, Health, Highways, 
and State PoHce — were created. 

Greater Pittsburgh. — Pittsburgh was extended so as to in- 
clude Allegheny City, and Pennsylvania became the only State 
having within its limits two great municipalities. The State 
began the making of stone roads. A thorough system of car- 
ing for the health of the people was established. 




THE WAYNE STATUE AT VALLEY FORGE. 

The State Constabulary. — A constabulary of about two hun- 
dred and fifty men was created to maintain the peace. 

The New State Capitol Erected. — -A new and beautiful Capi- 
tol, covering two acres of ground and containing four hundred 
and seventy-five rooms, was erected without taxation or borrow- 



168 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

ing money and without diminution of the treasury balances. 
The President of the United States assisted at its dedication 
and made an address. 

Reform Legislation.— At a special session of the Legislature, 
in 1906, Corrupt Practices Acts and other Acts were passed, 
which President Roosevelt said set an example for all of the 
States. 

State Highways.^Under the administration of Governor 
John K. Tener the movement for constructing highways has 
been much extended and comprehensive plans for their im- 
provement have been adopted. 

Public Service Commission. — Under the same administra- 
tion a Public Service Commission was created. 

The Gettysburg Reunion. — At the fiftieth anniversary of 
the Battle of Gettysburg the old soldiers of the North and the 
South had a fraternal meeting upon the battlefield. 

Pennsylvania's Revenues. — The revenue of the State for the 
year ending November 30, 1911, amounted to the vast sum of 
$32,146,978.23. 

The State is substantially out of debt, and the balance in the 
treasury December 1, 1911, was $12,923,370.31. 

The State beginning its appropriations to the public schools 
in 1843 with $250,000, reduced to $20,000 in 1853, now makes 
an annual appropriation for their support of $7,500,000. 

The annual expenses for the support of charities for the year 
ending November 30, 1911, was $8,835,913.91. 

The men who, by force of character and intelligence, have 
dominated the public affairs of the State, from the time of 
Penn until to-day, have been in succession — David Lloyd, 
Isaac Norris, John Dickinson, Joseph Reed, Thomas McKean, 
Thaddeus Stevens, James Buchanan, Simon Cameron, Matthew 
Stanley Quay, and Boies Penrose. They have been called 



THE LATER PERIOD 



169 



statesmen, politicians, or " bosses," as the cast of mind of the 
obersver determined. 



■'*'^* 





^^ 



-..^(•P^g^s^--- 



NATIONAL ARCH AT VALLEY FORGE. 



CHAPTER XVII 
SLAVERY 

The Slave Trade. — The institution of slavery arose in the 
days of savagery, when some victorious chieftain, wiser than 
the rest, concluded that instead of eating his captives it would 
be better to keep them and make them work for him. As the 
world grew commercial it became a profitable means of securing 
labor, and the nations regarding themselves as civilized sent 
expeditions to Africa to capture the black barbarians inhabiting 
that continent. The slave trade reached the depths of iniquity. 
The blacks, obtained by the most brutal methods, were bound 
and packed in the holds of sailing vessels for transportation 
like any other commodity. A large proportion died, and the 
dead were daily sorted out and thrown into the sea. 

The Earliest Protests in America Against Slavery. — Penn- 
sylvania had much to do with the removal of the incubus of 
slavery from the earth. As early as 1664 Plockhoy, in his plan 
for the government of his colony at Swanendael, declared that 
no slavery should there be permitted to exist. Pastorius and 
the two brothers Op den Graeff and Hendricks, in the protest 
which they sent to the meeting of Friends in 1688, presented 
with correct logic and the truest philanthropy the reasons 
which induced them to stand against the buying and selling of 
men. This occurred at a time when the Puritans of Massa- 
chusetts were endeavoring to broaden the institution by selling 
the Indian natives and even the members of religious sects who 
were not in accord with them and sending these unfortunates to 
the West India Islands. 

170 



SLAVERY 171 

Pennsylvanians Naturally Opposed to Slavery. — Pennsyl- 
vania was especially well fitted to take the lead in the struggle 
against slavery in America. A large proportion of her people 
were Germans who were in the habit of doing their own work, 
and who, in the main, from the beginning refused to own slaves. 
The Quakers, because of their religious principles, were inclined 





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MANUMISSION OF A SLAVE. 

to look upon it with disfavor. Nevertheless the sj^stem gained 
a foothold. 

Slaveholders in Pennsylvania. — Before the coming of Penn 
it had existed under both the Dutch and the Swedes. Peter 
Alricks and Governor Printz had both owned slaves. Many 
of the Quaker settlers had a few negro girls in their houses 
and a few negro men in their fields. Joseph Richardson, a 
Quaker, who in 1710 lived on a tract of a thousand acres at the 



172 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

mouth of the Perkiomen, o^vned ten of them. It is an inter- 
esting fact that Mordecai Lincoln, the blacksmith, at Coventry 
Forge, in Chester County, and the ancestor of the President, 
had a negro slave Jack. Wilham Moore, of Moore Hall, 
President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Chester 
County, had a number of slaves. John Harris, the founder of 
Harrisburg, owned slaves in 1733, one of whom, Hercules, who 
had saved him from the Indians, he manumitted. As a general 
thing they were well treated and when they died they were 
buried in the corner of the family graveyard, generally found 
in the woods in the roughest and stoniest part of the farm. 

Keith's Essay on Slavery. — In 1693 George Keith pubhshed 
''An Exhortation and Caution to Friends Concerning Buying 
or Keeping of Negroes." The first effort to overthrow the 
system was directed against the slave trade. 

Importation Duties On Slaves Imposed. — In 1712 the Assem- 
bly sought to prevent the importation of slaves by imposing 
the heavy duty of £20 upon each one of them brought into the 
province. Those interested in the trade in England had the 
law there repealed. The duty was then reduced by the As- 
sembly to £5. 

Repeal Refused. — In 1727 the ironmasters at Colebrookdale 
and Coventry, who had found it a means of supplying them with 
labor, asked for a repeal of all duties on slaves, but without 
success. 

Importation of Slaves Made Illegal. — The importation of 
slaves ceased about 1750, and the act of 1780 made it unlawful. 

William Southeby. — William Southeby, who deserves to be 
remembered as a pioneer in a great movement, presented a peti- 
tion to the Assembly in 1712 asking that all of the slaves be 
set free. 

Ralph Sandiford's Vigorous Opposition to Slavery. — Ralph 
Sandiford had Uved in the West Indies. There he was robbed 



SLAVERY 173 

by pirates, the sloop sunk in the sea, he was on the ocean for 
eight days in an open boat, and finally reached Cat Island. 
Then he came to Philadelphia. He wrote, had published, and 
gave away a little book in 1729 entitled, ''A Brief Examination 
of the Practice of the Times," in which he denounced slavery 
as a practice which ought to be disowned by all mankind. 
He published a second edition in 1730, also distributed without 
charge, under the title, 'The Mystery of Iniquity." In it he 
said that slaves were sold twice a week in sight of his habitation 
in the centre of Philadelphia by auction along with the beasts. 
Christian magistrates, called Philadelphians, saw the pro- 
ceeding. He also said that the Chief Justice of the Province 
at the Yearly Meeting of Friends threatened to commit him to 
jail for distributing the books, which he did at his own charge. 
He cited the advice of George Fox to Friends, ''After a reason- 
able service to set them free," and he argued: "The Converting 
Men's Liberty to our Wills ... is what is to be abhorred by 
all Christians." 

Benjamin Lay's Treatise on Slavery.— Benjamin Lay came 
to Philadelphia from Barbados. He was very short in stature, 
very slim in the legs, and he hved in a cave at Abington. There 
is a portrait of him engraved on copper by Henry Dawkins, 
one of the earliest and rarest of American portraits, in which 
he is represented standing in front of his cave holding an anti- 
slavery book in his hand. In 1737 he published and gave away 
a little book with the title "All Slave-Keepers that Keep the 
Innocent in Bondage Apostates." By this time the feeling 
against slavery had somewhat increased, since he wrote that 
his views did not grieve the Quakers, and that "It is by their 
request and desire that they are made publick." 

Three Franklin Publications Without Imprints.— All three of 
these volumes were published by Benjamin Franklin. The 
cause, however, was unpopular, and that shrewd man of 



174 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



affairs took the money for them and put his imprint on none 
of them. 

John Woolman and Anthony Benezet. — John Woolman and 
Anthony Benezet followed, with treatises upon the subject 
which had a much wider and more potent influence. 

Number of Slaves in the Colony. — In 1751 there were about 
eleven thousand negroes in Pennsylvania. 




BENJAMIN LAY. 



The First Manumission. — Lydia Wade, of Chester County, 
by will set free her two negro slaves in 1701, and she appears 
to have been the first to set the example of manumission. 

The Quakers' Organized Effort Against Slavery.— In 1754 
the Yearly Meeting of Friends printed and sent out a missive 
condemning the holding of slaves. About this time, under the 
impulse of an awakening of conscience, the whole society of 



SLAVERY 175 

Friends were aroused to an effort for the suppression of slavery. 
Many of them set their slaves free and then organized com- 
mittees to visit those who still held them and urge a hke course. 
In 1758 this poUcy was advised by the Yearly Meeting. 

In 1774 the Meeting in Philadelphia determined that Friends 
who held slaves beyond the time of the service of apprentices 
should be treated as disorderly persons. In 1776 slave-holders 
were disowned. In this manner the Quakers put an end to 
slavery within their own sect, and gave to the world the first 
instance of its abohtion. The combined influence of the 
Germans and the Quakers led to the legislation which in 1780 
made Pennsylvania the first State in America to abolish the 
system. After this result had been accompUshed, quietly and 
effectively in an orderly way, an effort was made to bring about 
like conditions beyond her own borders in the other States. 

Abolition Societies. — Twenty-four conventions of Abolition 
Societies were held between 1794 and 1829, and twenty of 
these met in Philadelphia. William Lloyd Garrison started 
in 1830 an anti-slavery movement in New England which 
resulted from the effect of these conventions upon the thought 
of the nation. 

Pennsylvania a Place of Refuge. — Pennsylvania became a 
haven for slaves who had escaped from their masters in the 
more southern States. Attempts to capture them within her 
borders often led to collisions. Her citizens were, with some 
justice, accused of violating the national law and obligations 
upon this subject. Her Legislature passed an act in 1847 
against kidnapping, which made it a criminal offence for any 
one claiming a runaway slave to capture him by the use of 
violence. 

The Fugitive Slave Law and the Underground Railroad. — 
In 1850 Congress passed an act, called the ''Fugitive Slave 
Law," which made it the duty of all persons to give assistance 



176 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

to the owners of slaves endeavoring to reclaim their property 
which had escaped to the free States. This law, though ac- 
cepted and often enforced, ran counter to the feeling of a large 
proportion of the people of the State, and it was met by organ- 
ized effort to aid fugitive slaves in their efforts to escape to 
Canada. In the border counties stations were established for 
this purpose upon what was termed ''The Underground Rail- 
road." Among those most active were Lucretia Mott, William 
Still, a negro, Daniel Gibbons, I. Miller McKim, of Carlisle, 
William H. Furness, of Philadelphia, Grace Anna Lewis, 
Bartholomew Fussell, and Elijah F. Pennypacker. The last 
named wrote in 1857 that within two months he had taken 
forty-three ''colored friends" in his own conveyance nine miles 
to Norristown. Sixty were sent through the station in Phila- 
delphia in one month. These conditions continued from 1850 
up to the commencement of the War of the Rebelhon in 1801. 
The part borne by Pennsylvania in that war has already been 
narrated. 



CHAPTER XVIII 
LITERATURE 

Conditions Necessary for Growth of Literature. — Before 

any people can have a distinctive hterature they must have 
been welded together long enough to cherish ideals and aspira- 
tions in common, and to have developed a desire for the expres- 
sion of them. England could have no real literature until the 
struggles of Celt, Saxon, and Norman had ended and the 
animosities produced by their wars had been appeased. The 
reason that Massachusetts came to the fore so early in writing 
the history and verse of America was because her citizens were 
of one blood, the followers of a single sect who thought alike 
upon all the problems of life. 

Diversity of Interests in Pennsylvania. — The divers races 
with different creeds which settled Pennsylvania have not yet 
dwelt long enough together to have become homogeneous, but 
when that time arrives we may anticipate with entire certainty 
the greater strength which comes with the broader foundations. 

Early Pennsylvania Publications. — Three years after the 
coming of the English Quakers to Pennsylvania, in 1682, Wil- 
liam Bradford, the printer, appeared in Philadelphia, and in 
1685 published an almanac and a small volume descriptive of 
the people and the region, which is one of the important sources 
of our early history, Thomas Budd's ''Good Order Established 
in Pennsylvania and New Jersey." In 1687 he published the 
earliest American edition of ''Magna Charta," with a preface 
by William Penn. So far as known, only one copy of this edi- 

12 177 



178 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The ExcciJcnt Privilcdge of 

LlBERir 6c PROPERTr 

BEING THE 

BIRTH-RIGHT 

Of the Free-born Subjeds of EngUnl. 

CONTAINING 

I . MAgna, Chart A^ with a learned Comment upon 
it. 

I I. The Confirmation of the Charters of the Li- 
berties oi England 2.vA of the Forrcft, made in 
the 35th year of Edward the Firit 

I If. A Statute made the 34 Edxo. \ . commonly 
called D& TalUgco mn Concedcndo ^ wherein all 
Fundam.cntal Laws, Liberties and Cufloms are 
confirmed. VTith a Comment upon it. 

IV. Anabftraftcfthc Pattent granted by the 
King to in^illinmPemi and his Heirs and Af- 
figiis for the Province of Pemfilvam/i. 

V. And LAftiy^TbQ Charter of Liberties granted 
by the faid (^f^iUtam Fenn to the Free-men and 
Inhabitants of f heProvince of VamfUvmU and 
Territories thereunto annexed, IxiJ^mnica, 

Major Hs^reditas vtnit amcuPKi', noflrum a 
%ae dx hcgihm^ qii^am a Parenttbui, 



EARLIEST AMERICAN PUBLICATION OF MAGNA CHARTA. 



LITERATURE 179 

tion has been preserved. It is in the Friends' Library in Phila- 
delphia. He issued a proposal for publishing the Bible in 1688, 
but it was too large a venture for that period to be successful. 

The First Book of Verse.— In 1692 R. Freame wrote "A 
Short Description of Pennsylvania." It contains information 
in doggerel verse and is the beginning of printed versification 
in the State. 

Controversial Pamphlets. — The dissensions among the Quak- 
ers brought about by George Keith in 1692 led to many contro- 
versial pamphlets during the next ten years. Pastorius was 
the author of many volumes, most of which remained in manu- 
script, but three or four of them were printed in Europe. He 
wrote our earhest school book, a primer, printed in 1701. A 
single copy of it is preserved in a Quaker hbrary in Europe. 

James Ralph. — No other American prior to the Revolution 
attained to so high a position in English literature as did James 
Ralph, born in Philadelphia about 1700. He left a daughter 
in that city, among whose descendants are the members of the 
well known Quaker family of Garrigues. He and Franklin 
were inseparable companions, and went to London together in 
1724. To him Franklin dedicated his '^ Liberty and Necessity," 
but they afterward quarrelled over a matter not creditable to 
Franklin. When the first edition of Pope's ''Dunciad" appeared 
in 1728, Ralph wrote a satire in defence of the authors attacked, 
and Pope in the second edition replied in the well known line: 
"Ralph to Cynthia howls." He aided Hogarth in the prepa- 
ration of the "Analysis of Beauty"; he was a friend of Garrick, 
who helped him to secure a pension; he ^vrote the preface to 
Fielding's play, "Temple Beau," and was a partner of Fielding 
in conducting a journal and a theatre. Smollett in his history 
of England, telling of the men of genius of the time, includes 
Ralph with Robertson and Hume, calling him " the circum- 
stantial Ralph." Thackeray, in the "Paris Sketch Book," 



180 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

devotes to him a page of moralizing in an effort to show how 
perishable is history and how permanent is romance. Byron, 
in the ''Enghsh Bards and Scotch Reviewers," has the lines: 

"Oh! hadst thou lived in that congenial time 
To rave with Dennis and with Ralph to rhyme." 

He wrote a ''Critical History of the Administration of Sir 
Robert Walpole," a work on the ''Use and Abuse of Parlia- 
ments," and "The Case of Author by Profession and Trade 
Stated," in which he was the earliest to take up the cause of 
authors in their relations with publishers. His most important 
work, however, was "The History of England During the Reigns 
of King William, Queen Anne, and King George I" in two folio 
volumes. This history received praise from Charles James 
Fox and Bolingbroke. Hallam calls him "the most diligent 
historian we possess for the time of Charles H." When Prince 
Frederick and the Earl of Bute wrote a "History of Prince 
Titus," which has been a subject of curiosity and interest in 
English literature ever since, they entrusted the manuscript to 
Ralph, and it was found among his papers. The "Historical 
Review of Pennsylvania," pubhshed in London in 1759, has 
always been credited by historians to Franklin. He, however, 
wrote at the time that this volume "was not written by me 
nor any part of it." Job R. Tyson said in 1827 that it was 
attributed to Ralph. He died January 24, 1762, and in rec- 
ognition of his services George III gave a pension of £150 a 
year to his daughter. 

Early Almanacs. — The people of Germantown were the most 
literary of the settlers, no less than eleven of them having writ- 
ten books. Jacob Taylor, in 1702, Titan Leeds, in 1716, John 
Jerman, in 1721, I. Hughes, in 1726, W. Birkett, in 1729, 
Thomas Godfrey, in 1731, and Benjamin Franklin, in 1733, 
began the publication of a series of almanacs. These almanacs 



LITERATURE 181 

were all pretty much alike in construction, being little books 
containing the days of the week, the months, eclipses of the 
sun and moon, the main roads and fairs, short dissertations and 
pithy sayings, the later ones imitating those which went before. 
They became more important and larger in size when Chris- 
topher Sower, of Germantown, in 1738 began to add illus- 
trations. 

Early Newspapers.— Newspapers had their origin in Penn- 
sylvania when Andrew Bradford, in 1719, started the ''Ameri- 
can Weekly Mercury." This was followed by Samuel Keimer's 
'Tennsylvania Gazette," which was later bought by Franklin. 
Keimer's Publications.— Keimer, one of the French prophets, 
had some talent, composed as he set the type an elegy in verse 
upon Aquila Rose, and had the enterprise to publish in 1728 
''Sewel's History of the Quakers," a large folio. He proved 
to be a friend to the impoverished Franklin and gave him work 
and assistance. Later he went to Barbados, where he pub- 
lished a newspaper called 'The Caribbean." 

The Beginnings of Magazine Literature.— The magazine 
literature of America began in 1741 with the issue of "The 
American Magazine," by Andrew Bradford, edited by John 
Webbe. Only three days later Franklin published the first 
number of "The General Magazine." Keimer in 1729 pub- 
Hshed an edition of "Epictetus," the first translation of a 
classic to appear in America, and in 1735 James Logan trans- 
lated "Cato's Moral Distichs," the earhest American transla- 
tion of a classic. 

Hymns Written at Ephrata.— With collections of the hymns 
of the Bunkers at Ephrata, between 1730 and 1739, and the 
poem of Aquila Rose in 1740, the publication of Pennsylvania 
verse may be said to have begun. 

The Sower Bibles.— Christopher Sower established a print- 
ing-press in Germantown in 1738, a newspaper in 1739, and 



182 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



\ 







^ 




PAGE FROM EPHRATA MUSIC BOOK. 



between 1743 and 1777 he printed three editions of the Bible 
and seven editions of the New Testament. 

The Ephrata Martyr Book and Other Publications. — The 
first American English Bible appeared in Philadelphia in 1782. 



LITERATURE 183 

The Dunkers at Ephrata, in Lancaster County, started a press 
in 1745, and four years later published the most important 
Hterary production of colonial America. It was a huge foho of 
about fifteen hundred pages concerning religion, history, and 
biography, and was bound with stout boards and had leather 
clasps. Thirteen men worked on it for three years making 
the paper, printing, and binding, while Henry Funk and 
Dielman Kolb supervised the translation from the Dutch. A 
bright satire of great literary merit and of unknown authorship, 
called 'The Chronicles of Nathan Ben Saddi," which dealt 
harshly with Isaac Norris, Frankhn, Hughes, Wayne, and 
others, was pubhshed in Philadelphia in 1757. David James 
Dove, a schoolmaster in Philadelphia, and Isaac Hunt, the 
father of the famous English poet, Leigh Hunt, whose mother 
was a Pennsylvania woman, wrote a number of caustic pamph- 
lets in the period just after the French and Indian War. 

Robert Bell, Publisher, First Introduces Literature Into 
America. — But the credit of introducing literature into America 
must be accorded to the Scotchman, Robert Bell, who, begin- 
ning with the pubhcation of ''Rasselas" in 1768, produced before 
1782 Robertson's '^Charles the Fifth," Blackstone's ^'Com- 
mentaries," Burgh's ''Political Disquisitions," Milton, "^sop," 
Thompson's "Seasons," Young's "Night Thoughts," with 
many other standard and some original works, several of them 
illustrated with portraits by the celebrated engraver, John 
Norman. 

We are told in 1784 that 

Just by St. Paul's where dry divines rehearse, 
Bell keeps his store for vending prose and verse." 

Shakespeare and Wordsworth First Published in Phila- 
delphia. — The earliest American edition of Shakespeare ap- 
peared in Philadelphia in 1796, and almost contemporaneously 



184 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

with their ptibUcation in England Wordsworth's ''Lyrical Bal- 
lads/' containing Coleridge's ''Ancient Mariner," were brought 
out in the same city in 1802. 

Thackeray Published in Philadelphia Before England. — 
William Makepeace Thackeray, the English novelist, was first 
introduced to the readers of books by the pubhcation of his 
"Yellow Plush Papers" in Philadelphia in 1837. This fact is 
a remarkable indication of literary acumen. 

The First History of Pennsylvania. — "A History of Penn- 
sylvania," in two volumes, by Robert Proud, a Quaker school- 
master, appeared in 1797. 

The First American Novelist. — Charles Brockden Brown, the 
first American to make literature a profession, born in Phila- 
delphia in 1771, wrote six novels: "Wieland," "Ormond," 
"Arthur Merwyn," "Edgar Huntly," "Clara Howard," and 
"Jane Talbot." Though somewhat lurid and gloomy, they 
were widely read, affecting English taste, and made a deep 
impression upon Shelly, who said they influenced him beyond 
any other books. When Scott wrote "Guy Mannering" he 
founded the story upon the career of James Annesley, a re- 
demptioner, sold to a farmer in Lancaster County, named the 
leading character after Brown, and called another Arthur 
Merwyn. Brown's novels were reproduced in England. 

*The Battle of the Kegs." — Francis Hopkinson at the time 
of the Revolution wrote sprightly verse from which even Camp- 
bell copied, including the "Battle of the Kegs," a lively descrip- 
tion of an effort by the use of floating casks of gunpowder to 
destroy the British fleet in the Delaware. 

Early American Magazines. — "The American Magazine," 
edited by William Smith, the first provost and founder of the 
University of Pennsylvania, began in 1757, and continued 
through thirteen numbers. In it is a description of the youth 
of the artist West. 



LITERATURE 



185 



Thomas Paine edited the 'Tennsylvania Magazine," an 
ambitious effort with illustrations, which ran through two vol- 
umes in 1775 and 1776. ''The Columbian Magazine" continued 
from 1786 to 1792, was rich 
in portraiture and illustra- 
tion, and gave much atten- 
tion to history, biography, 
verse, essay, agriculture, 
and manufacturing inter- 
ests. It was the most im- 
portant American periodical 
attempted up to this time. 

The first successful Amer- 
ican magazine was the 
''Portfolio," edited by 
Joseph Dennie, which com- 
menced in 1801 and was 
maintained through forty- 
four volumes. It secured 
the aid of all the men of 
literary reputation through- 
out the country, and in the 

merit of its productions equaled any of the periodicals pub- 
lished at the time in England. 

Eminent Foreign Authors Come to Live in Philadelphia. — 
At this period Philadelphia had long been kno^vn and for many 
years was to continue to be kno^vn as the "Athens of America." 
She attracted to her portals all those of culture who for any 
reason came across the Atlantic. Priestley, when driven out 
of England by intolerance, was among them. Talleyrand, 
Beauvais, Vicomte de Noailles, Volney, the Due de Liancourt, 
Moreau, and later Murat and Joseph Bonaparte were among 
the French residents. Even Voltaire said that only seasickness 





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PORTRAIT FROM COLUMBIAN MAGAZINE. 



186 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



prevented him from going to the same city. Thomas Moore, the 
Irish genius, who translated the odes of Anacreon and was the 
author of ''Lalla Rookh," hved in a one-and-a-half-story house 




TOM MOORE S COTTAGE ON THE SCHUYLKILL. 



opposite an island in the Schuylkill, 
folio" verses closing: 



He wrote for the 'Tort- 



" The stranger is gone, but he will not forget 
When at home he shall talk of the toils he has known, 

To tell with a sigh what endearments he met, 
As he strayed by the wave of the Schuylkill alone." 

Alexander Wilson, poet and ornithologist, buried in Old 
Swedes churchyard along the Delaware, made a trip on foot to 
Niagara Falls and in a poem called 'The Foresters," printed in 
the 'Tortfolio," described the events and the scenery. Else- 
where he wrote: 

"Sweet flows the Schuylkill's winding tide, 
By Bartram's green emblossomed bowers, 

Where nature sports in all her pride, 
Of choicest plants and fruits and flowers." 



New England Authors Trained in Philadelphia. — The New 
England School of Litterateurs, which later became famous. 



LITERATURE 



187 



received its training in Philadelphia. Longfellow, Holmes, 
Lydia H. Sigourney, Frances Osgood, and Harriet Beecher 
Stowe were contributors to Godey's ''Lady's Book," estab- 
lished in 1830. Edgar Allen Poe lived in Philadelphia and 
edited ''Graham's Magazine" and the earlier one conducted 
by William E. Burton, the actor. One of his successors was 
Rufus W. Griswold. John G. Whittier and James Russell 
Lowell were both residents of Philadelphia, the former as editor 
of the ''Pennsylvania Freeman" and the latter as an assistant 
to Graham. "The Raven" and "The Goldbug" were both 
written in Philadelphia. 




BIRTHPLACE OF THOMAS BUCHANAN READ. 

The Most Popular Early American Novelist. — George Lip- 
pard, born in Chester County, Socialist and man of letters, 
became, with ''The Monk of Wissahikon," "Blanche of Bran- 
dy wine," and other tales, the most popular novelist of his 
day, though his style is too exuberant and tropical to suit 
modern tastes. 

Pennsylvania Authors of National Fame. — In "Nick of the 
Woods" Robert Montgomery Bird produced a narrative of 
adventure among the Indians in Kentucky more entrancing 
than the tales of Cooper. His plays became a part of the role 
of Edwin Forrest, the actor. Thomas Buchanan Read, born 



188 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



in Chester County, both artist and poet, was the author of 
''Sheridan's Ride" and other poems more meritorious, among 
them "The Wagoner of the Alleghanies." 

Lindley Murray, born in Lancaster County, wrote a grammar 
which was used in all English and American Schools, and his 
name became " a household word in every Country where the 
English language was spoken." 

Bayard Taylor, born in Chester County, is probably the 
most famous man of letters from Pennsylvania. He was a 
voluminous writer in many lines of work. He translated the 




THE HOME OF LLOYD MIFFLIN. 



"Faust" of Goethe. It is a grave question whether the ''Scarlet 
Letter" of Hawthorne or the "Story of Kennett" by Taylor 
holds the higher rank among American novels. 

Leigh Hunt. — Leigh Hunt was the son of Isaac Hunt, who 
lived and wrote in Philadelphia, and of Mary Shewell, a 
Quakeress of that city, and through her he is related to many 
Pennsylvania families. 

David Ramsay.— David Ramsay published a ''History of 
the American Revolution" in 1789. It passed through many 
editions, and was translated into many languages. His other 
works were numerous. Born in Lancaster County, a graduate 



LITERATURE 180 

of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
he became a delegate to the Continental Congress, a prisoner 
of war, and President of the South Carolina Senate. 

Recent Authors.— Henry C. Lea's ''Studies of the Period of 
the Reformation" have given him a world-wide and permanent 
fame. The "Variorum Shakespeare," by Horace Howard 
Furness, is generally regarded as the most thorough study of 
the Enghsh dramatist. Dr. S. Weir Mitchell has written 
''Hugh Wynne," "Madeira Tales," and much else in prose 
and verse. Owen Wister, still living, attained success with the 
"Virginian," ''Lady Baltimore," and other novels. John Bach 
McMaster's "History of the United States" is a comprehensive 
study of a large subject, and has been compared with the work 
of Macaulay. Lloyd Mifflin, writing sonnets about the beau- 
tiful region of the Susquehanna, has been likened by English 
critics to Anacreon and Shakespeare, and is perhaps the most 
regarded of living American poets. 



CHAPTER XIX 
SCIENCE AND INVENTION 

Quaker Learning. — The Quaker settlers of Pennsylvania 
with the German sects holding like views of life, the Mennon- 
ites, Schwenkfelders, and Dunkers, looked upon art, music, 
and amusements as frivolous and worldly, and upon war as 
wicked. Their emotions found an outlet in philanthropy and 
their mental activities turned toward practical affairs and 




JOHN BARTRAM S HOUSE 



science. Naturally, botany, which concerned the trees, plants, 
and flowers growing around them, was the earliest to attract 
their attention. 

The Early Pennsylvania Botanists. — John Bartram, born in 
1699, son of a Quaker farmer, was one day plowing and turning 
down the daisies in the meadow. Suddenly his conscience smote 
him as he thought of the number of years he had been "destroy- 
ing so many flowers and plants without being acquainted with 

190 



SCIENCE AND INVENTION 191 

their structure and uses." He began to study those upon the 
farm and, extending his researches, he travelled to other locali- 
ties and States. In 1731 he built a house below Philadelphia 
on the west bank of the Schuylkill, and on the grounds running 
to the river located the first botanical garden in America. It is 
still preserved by the city as a park. He corresponded with 
leading scientists in Europe, and became known as the Ameri- 
can Linnaeus. He pubhshed a book about some of his jour- 
neys in 1751. James Logan wrote in Latin an essay upon the 
''Generation of Plants," basing his researches largely upon the 
maize or Indian corn. It was published in Ley den in 1739. 

Humphry Marshall, born in 1722 in Chester County, of 
Quaker ancestry, influenced by the vicinage, friendship, and 
example of Bartram, took up the study of trees, and ere long 
was in correspondence with the leading men of Europe in that 
line of investigation. Like Bartram, he sought to contribute 
knowledge. In 1785 he published in Philadelphia his ''Arbus- 
tum Americanum," or ''Description of American Trees," 
which has been called "the first truly indigenous botanical 
essay" published in this Western Hemisphere. 

Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg, born at the Trappe, 
in Montgomery County, in 1753, wrote much upon the same 
subject, and his works are regarded as of high authority. 
He received honorary degrees from universities of learning at 
Erlangen, Berlin, Gottingen, and other places. His catalogue 
of the plants of North America was published at Lancaster 
in 1813. Dr. Benjamin S. Barton, born in Lancaster in 1766, 
and his nephew. Dr. W. P. C. Barton, born in Philadelphia, 
were both botanists of note, and the latter published a work 
upon "The Flora of North America." William Darlington, 
born in Chester County in 1782, published "Florula Cestrica" 
in 1826. A rare pitcher-plant discovered in California bears 
his name, "Darlingtonia Calif ornica." 



192 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Physical Science. — Although the credit of inventing the 
quadrant is often given to Hadley, an 
Enghshman, it was, in fact, the out- 
come of the genius of Thomas God- 
frey, a native of Pennsylvania, born 
in 1704. When the American Philo- 
sophical Society arose in 1744, scientific 
inquiry in America was put upon an 
organized basis, and the systematized 
elucidation of scientific subjects began. 
Those who made the most contributions 
to its researches w^ere David Rittenhouse, 
Dr. WilHam Smith, the Provost of the 
College, and John Lukens, the Surveyor 
General. 

Astronomy. — Rittenhouse, who reached 
the highest intellectual plane of any 
native or resident of the province, dis- 
covered for himself the theory of fluxions, 
constructed a telescope and a plan of the 
heavens, made in 1769 the observations on 
the transit of Venus, calculated the dis- 
tance of the sun, and first ascertained that 
the planet Venus was surrounded by an 
atmosphere. He is perhaps the most 
eminent of American astronomers. 

Discoveries in Electricity. — El^enezer 
Kinnersley studied carefully the problems 
of electricity, made many discoveries, and 
delivered a series of lectures upon the 
subject over the country. The results 
of his researches Franklin transmitted 
to Europe, having himself tried the experiment of flying a kite 



CLOCK MADE BY DAVID 
RITTENHOUSE. 



SCIENCE AND INVENTION 193 

to prove that lightning and electricity were manifestations of 
the same force. The result has been that all over the world 
men concerned in the investigation and utihzation of this most 
potent and interesting of forces look back to Pennsylvania as a 
source of information and for the beginnings of our knowledge 
concerning it. 

Oliver Evans and His Inventions.— OHver Evans, a mechanic 
of great talent, living in Philadelphia in the latter part of the 
eighteenth century, made the first high-pressure steam engine 
and the first steam dredging machine • used in the country. 
With its own power this machine moved to the Schuylkill and, 
being there fitted with a paddle, moved itself to the Delaware 
and up the river. He constructed mills and invented their 
machinery. He forecasted that the time would soon come when 
carriages propelled by steam would travel over the country on 
two tracks prepared for them, and that a man would eat his 
breakfast in New York, his dinner in Philadelphia, and his 
supper in Washington. 

Chemistry. — Joseph Priestley, the chemist who discovered 
oxygen, spent the later years of his life and ended his days in 
Northumberland County. 

Philology. — Peter S. DuPonceau, a Frenchman, came to this 
country during the Revolutionary War as an aide upon the 
staff of Baron Steuben, and after the war remained in Phila- 
delphia. He became President of the Historical Society of 
Pennsylvania. He devoted much time to philology, and was 
one of the first to study scientifically the structure of the Indian 
languages. Aided by the Moravian missionaries, Zeisberger 
and Heckewelder, he contributed much to the information 
upon this subject. 

John Fitch and Robert Fulton.— John Fitch, living in Bucks 
County, invented the steamboat, and for several months ran 
his boat upon the Delaware River between Philadelphia and 

13 



194 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Burlington. He was too early to receive recognition, and the 
venture failed. Robert Fulton, born in the lower end of 
Lancaster County, was more fortunate. He ran a boat called 
the '^Clermont" from New York to Albany in 1807, and there- 
after the people of the world travelled over its seas by the use 
of steam. 

Entomology. — In a practical way the most valuable of all 
of the sciences is entomology, or the science which treats of the 
lives and habits of insects. The reason is that insects prey 
upon man and his products. Infinitely more men die in 
battles with the lower forms of animal life than in wars with 
each other. It is far easier to overcome the Bengal tiger and 
the cobra than it is to destroy the mosquito. The father of 
entomology in America is F. V. Melsheimer, a preacher who 
lived in York County, and who pubUshed at Hanover in 1806 
''A Catalogue of Insects of Pennsylvania." 

Ornithology. — Alexander Wilson, a Scotchman, came to 
Philadelphia in 1794, and there worked as a copperplate printer. 
He had both ambition and talenfc. He walked from Philadel- 
phia to Niagara Falls and wrote a description of his journey, 
a volume of verse three times printed, called ''The Foresters." 
He sought to make a complete study of American birds, and, 
starting in 1804, travelled over the country. He both drew and 
etched. His efforts resulted in the publication of an American 
''Ornithology" in nine volumes. Exposure caused his death in' 
1813, and he is buried in the Old Swedes Church at Weccacoe. 

He was followed by John James Audubon, who lived for 
many years on the Perkiomen near its mouth. He published 
an immense work upon the "Birds of America," which brought 
to him lasting fame, but not much profit. Many of his adven- 
tures in the search of birds amid the wilds of the West were 
both dangerous and romantic. 

Zoology. — Richard Harlan, born in Philadelphia in 1797, 



SCIENCE AND INVENTION 195 

published in three volumes a 'Tauna Americana," or descrip- 
tion of the animal life of the country. 

Joseph Leidy. — No name is given greater recognition in the 
annals of science than that of Joseph Leidy, a scion of a Penn- 
sylvania Dutch family of Montgomery County. He became a 
vice-president of the Academy of Natural Sciences and a pro- 
fessor in the University of Pennsylvania. He published five 
hundred and fifty-three papers upon mineralogy, botany, zo- 
ology, comparative anatomy, and palaeontology. He directed 
his attention, however, especially to the study of the Rhizopoda 
and minute invertebrates, or creatures without skeletons. 
He discovered the Trichina in the pig, which is the cause in 
men of the disease called trichinosis. From a few broken teeth 
found in the West he was able to depict the entire form of an 
extinct rhinoceros, and the subsequent discovery of a skeleton 
proved him to be correct. Thirty-nine learned societies over 
the world honored him mth membership. 

Ethnology and Palaeontology. — Daniel G. Brinton, born in 
Chester County in 1837, became an authority upon American 
ethnology, and pubhshed many works concerning the languages, 
traditions, manners, and customs of the Mayas, of Central 
America, and of the Lenape, Iroquois, and other Indian tribes. 

Edward Drinker Cope, born in Philadelphia in 1840, made a 
special study of palaeontology, and his fame was worldwide. 
Ernst Haeckel, the celebrated German scientist, said of him 
that he had described and named about one-third of all the 
known fossil vertebrates of North America, or about 1155 
species. 

Academy of Natural Sciences. — Most of the recent scientific 
investigations within the State have been made under the 
auspices of or connected with the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
whose president. Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, is now at the head of 
the State Department of Health. 



CHAPTER XX 
ART 

American Art Began in Philadelphia. — Considering the fact 
that the settlement of Pennsylvania was so largely due to the 
emigration of sects inclined to repression and to look askant at 
all tendencies to gratify the upwelling of primitive instincts, it 
is remarkable that this State should have had so pronounced 
an influence upon American art. American portraiture began 
here, the organization of the study of art was brought about by 
the creation of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 
and the popularizing of art in this country may be said to have 
been the natural and direct result of the Centennial Exposition 
of 1876. While, with the changes that continually come over 
the fancies of men, it is the fashion of the hour to depreciate 
Benjamin West, no other American has ever reached so high 
a place in art in the opinion of his contemporaries at home and 
abroad, and with another turn of the tide we may anticipate a 
revival of interest in his work. 

Unusual Art Expression in Pennsylvania.— In many ways the 
art expression in Pennsylvania is quite unusual, and deserves 
a much more careful attention than it has heretofore received. 
In almost every Quaker household in the early time a sampler 
hung in a frame against the wall of the parlor. It was expected 
that every little girl should make one of them. Upon a linen 
background with colored woolen she produced the letters of 
the alphabet, the numerals, her name, the date, religious senti- 
ments, verse, treesj flowers, and houses. Almost every German 

196 



ART 



197 



family had what was called a "Vorschrift." It had the same 
characteristics as the sampler, except that the work was done 




< 



,V'^A'''**' <|f'm! lip! ^sr»l 
I <x« tern i.ut|<lv?fl,a>)en ^ 




^/nini bin? S^r\ , ur«n tanj 
^ ^. V. V, Vi •^. -if. •>. ^ 

Jm ii t«n urn) ojli m aHtr^J.ii* , M M i. 



v^.i, 






A VORSCHRIFT MARRIAGE SCENE. 

(Never before used.) 



with a pen and brush, using water-colors. The baptismal 
certificate, or ''Taufschein," regarded as essential, was cut into 
ornamental shapes and decorated with hand-painted birds 



198 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 




A SAMPLER. 



ART 



199 



and flowers. The middle age art of illumination found its 
last expression in the manuscripts of the Dunkers of Ephrata 
and the Schwenkfelders of Montgomery County, in which 
human figures and allegorical designs were often rendered with 
great beauty. 

Household Art. — Women spent much time over the produc- 
tion of coverlets, bed-spreads, and quilts, which were orna- 



^ 






'^1^: 



ii! 









lliu^irm^v a^'fauft^vl^?^•l!^^•i'rn'm>a^culJ^:Tll / /'' "• 



^i 



•7^f4^ 



7^^ 



MUHLENBERG BAPTISMAL CERTIFICATE. 



merited with involved and elaborate designs and dyed with 
native dyes, while their home-made linen towels and pillow 
cases were often made attractive by adding fringes and working 
into them birds, names, dates, and floral designs. Artisans 
endeavored with much pains to make their tools of iron and 
wood, pleasing to the eye. Each stove plate was cast with 



200 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



figures and inscriptions setting forth some scene from the Bible 
hterature. 

Pennsylvania German Tulip Ware. — In every German settle- 
ment dwelt a potter. On his pie-plates and meat-dishes he 
represented the deer he saw in the woods, the pea-fowls he saw 
in the barnyard, and even historical scenes, such as the Meschi- 
anza. When George Washington rode through Pennsylvania 



^ 

■<*» 







EARLY WORK IN .SILK. 



the potter put his portrait, on horseback waving a sword, 
upon a pie-plate. The tulip was the favorite flower of the 
German, and so often does it appear that Mr. E. A. Barber in 
his book upon the subject gives this pottery the name of tulip 
ware. 

The Earliest Portrait. — Christopher Witt painted a portrait 
in oil of Johannes Kelpius, the hermit of the Wissahickon, who 



ART 



201 



died in 1706. It represents him wrapped in his robes seated 
in a chair, and has been reproduced in many ways. It is the 
earUest American portrait in oil, and is now o^vned by the 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 

The Earliest Group Picture.— A Swede named Gustavus 
Hesselius, a painter of portraits, came to Philadelphia in 1711, 
and in 1720 painted the Lord's Supper for the parish of St. 
Barnabas in Maryland. So far as the record shows, this was 




EARTHEN TULIP WARE. WASHINGTON ON A PIE-PLATE. 



the first painting of a combination of figures or of a scene in 
America. 

Benjamin West, the Most Interesting Figure in American 
Art. — West, however, is and must ever remain the most inter- 
esting figure in American art, and its whole development harks 
back to him. All of those who reached the highest reputation 
among American artists in the early time had their ambitions 
aroused by his example, and nearly all of them were trained in 
his studio. Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt 
Peale, Matthew Pratt, and Thomas Sully all sat at his feet and 
learned what he could impart, 



202 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 




c/ 



y^ma-nrui^i XC-Cn 



JOHANNES KELPIUS. 



West was born in 1738, of Quaker parentage, at Swarthmore, 
in Delaware County, where a college has since arisen. At seven 
years of age he made a brush from the hairs on the tail of a cat 



ART 



203 



and painted a portrait of his baby sister as she lay in her cradle. 
The Indians of the neighborhood gave him the clay from which 
he made his red pigment. He carried off his mother's pot of 
indigo in order to get the blue. His parents, whose religious 
training taught them the vanity of "hkenesses," were adverse, 
!)ut his bent was too strong to be resisted. Later in life he 
received encouragement in Lancaster, and there painted the 
portraits of William Henry and his wife. 



i 



,^^ '- 




HEARNE S OAK- 



AUTOGRAPH PORTRAIT OF BENJAMIN WEST. 

(Never before used.) 



In Philadelphia he was assisted by William Smith, the pro- 
vost, and others, and then went to Italy to study. After such 
preparation he lived the rest of his life in London, and there 
succeeded Sir Joshua Rejmolds as President of the Royal 
Academy. His 'Tenn's Treaty with the Indians" spread the 
fame of that noted event over the world and had its effect upon 
the growth of States. His ''Death of Wolfe" was reproduced 



204 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



in every school history. In this painting he insisted upon 
representing the figures in their own costumes and so revolu- 
tionized the methods of art. For his "Christ Rejected" he 
was paid three thousand guineas. 

The First Native Painter and Sculptor.— James Claypoole, 
born in Philadelphia in 1720, was the first native American 




WEST S DEATH OF WOLFE, 

(From the Original Study, never before used.) 



painter, and William Rush, born in the same city in 1756, was 
the first native sculptor. 

Eminent Portrait Painters.— Matthew Pratt, a nephew of 
Claypoole, born in 1734, also became a painter of portraits. 

Charles Willson Peale, who started the museum in Phila- 
delphia in 1784 and with it the cutting of profiles, painted por- 
traits of merit, and it is to him we owe the fine collection of 
Revolutionary portraits in Independence Hall, and likewise the 



ART 



205 






i^. 



foundation of the Academy of the Fine Arts in 1805. He was 
succeeded by his son, Rembrandt. 

Gilbert Stuart, generally regarded as the most capable of 
American portrait painters, lived in Philadelphia from 1795 
to 1805, the most active years of his career. The accepted 
portrait of Washington came from his brush. The finest col- 
lection of his works, being 
twenty-four in number, is 
owned by the Academy of 
the Fine Arts. 

Thomas Sully, whose 
productions can always be 
identified by their ruddy 
cheeks and bright eyes, 
and whose career covered 
the period from 1783 to 
1872, came to Philadelphia 
in 1807 and painted the 
large number of two thou- 
sand five hundred and 
twenty portraits. 

The Art of Engraving. — 
Engraving upon metal and 

wood began at a very early date. When General Wolfe captured 
the town of Quebec, Christopher Sower had a plan of the city 
and a portrait of Wolfe engraved to illustrate the description of 
the event published in his Almanac for 1761. This is one of 
the earliest attempts at portraiture and illustration. 

Henry Dawkins came to Philadelphia in 1758 and engraved 
upon copper a frontispiece for ''Urania," a musical pubhcation, 
and one portrait, that of Benjamin Lay, the anti-slavery cham- 
pion. It is very ugly, and there is some reason to think that the 
engraver was afterward hanged. 




PORTRAIT OF WOLFE. 

(From Sower's Almanac.) 



206 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



John Norman was a drawing master in Philadelphia in 1774 
and, going to Boston later, is now celebrated. He engraved 
upon copper for Bell, the printer, the ''Death of Warren," in 
1775, and portraits of Milton and Thomson, the poets, in 1777. 
James Smithers also worked for Bell. He made a portrait 
of John Dickinson in 1768, now extremely rare, and a good 

portrait on copper of Henry 
Melchior Muhlenberg when 
the latter died in 1788. 
Among other early en- 
gravers were John Steeper, 
m 1762; Robert Aitken, the 
printer of the first English 
Bible in this country, and 
James Poupard, in 1772. 

The "Pennsylvania Mag- 
azine," 1775, the ''Colum- 
bian Magazine," 1787, and 
the "Portfolio," 1801, show 
a great extension of the art 
of the engraver. Perhaps 
the most famous of the 
early American engravers 
was David Edwin, who 
came to Philadelphia at the age of twenty, in 1796, and en- 
graved in the course of his career at least two hundred and 
nine portraits. 

More Recent Artists. — John Sartain lived a long life devoted 
to art, dying in 1897. He began the publication of "Sartain's 
Magazine" in 1849. Edwin A. Abbey, born in Philadelphia 
in 1852, attained worldwide fame for his illustrations of books 
and mural decorations. His best work is to be found in the 
Boston Public Library and in the Capitol at Harrisburg. P. F. 




NORMAN S PORTRAIT OF MILTON. 



ART 207 

RothermePs great painting of the ' 'Battle of Gettysburg" like- 
wise belongs to the State. 

Music. — We are told in Madeira's ''Annals of Music" that 
the highest musical activity in this country existed in Beth- 
lehem, the Episcopal seat of the Moravians. Conrad Beissel 
wrote an essay on music as a preface to the "Turtel Taube" in 
1747. An Oratorio was produced at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1801. The Musical Fund Society was organized 
in 1820. Ole Bull, the violinist, when in America, made his 
home wdth Joseph J. Mickley, and he became the owner of 
lands in the State. 

Dramatic Art.— Seilhamer, in his "History of the American 
Theatre," says that "the performance with which that history 
may be said to begin was the production of Addison's 'Cato' 
in Philadelphia in August, 1749." The leading American 
tragedian of his day, Edwin Forrest, was born in Philadelphia 
in 1806. Men fought to determine whether he or the English- 
man, Macready, possessed the greater talent. Macready was 
driven from the stage in New York, and in the riot which re- 
sulted the 7th Regiment was called out and thirty men were 
killed. Forrest has been called the American Talma. He 
left his large fortune to found a Home in Philadelphia. 

Joseph Jefferson, the leading American comedian, probably 
of all time, was born in Philadelphia in 1804. He created the 
part of Rip Van Winkle, and no man or woman could see it 
without enthusiasm or often enough to be wearied. His father, 
Joseph Jefferson, also a noted comedian, is buried at Harris- 
burg. 



CHAPTER XXI 
MEDICINE 

Medicine in Pennsylvania Before 1700. — Gabriel Thomas, 
the second of the historians of Pennsylvania, wrote in 1698, 
''of lawyers and physicians I shall say nothing, because this 
country is very peaceable and healthy." For a long time in 
the development of mankind the occupations of the barber and 
the surgeon were united. One of these barber surgeons, Jan 
Peterson, came with the Swedes to the South River in 1638, 
and he was soon followed by others. John Goodson, a sur- 
geon of the Society of Free Traders, lived at Upland, in Dela- 
ware County, in 1682, and appears to have been the first phys- 
ician among the English settlers. 

Early Physicians. — Three Welsh practitioners of physic — 
Thomas Lloyd, Thomas Wynne, and Griffith Owen — arrived 
in the ship ''Welcome" with William Penn. Dr. John Kearsley, 
who possessed skill and acquirements and who had an influence, 
came in 1711, and Dr. Thomas Graeme, a Scotchman, whose 
name is borne by Graeme Park, in Montgomery County, came 
in 1717. 

The Herb Women. — In the early time old women adminis- 
tered simple remedies, learned the qualities of herbs and plants, 
and were rehed upon in cases of illness. October 28, 1748, 
John Potts "paid Granny DeHeart, curing Peter Dailey's foot, 
10 S," and the same day David Potts paid her three shillings 
"for his negro." 

Quackery. — Oftentimes it happened that the cure was helped 
by appealing to superstition. A recipe of 1793 directs the prep- 

208 



MEDICINE 209 

aration of a plaster for a wound, and that after being used it 
be buried "under the eaves of the roof at the point where the 
sun first shines in in the morning, in the name of the Father, 
the Son, and the Holy Ghost." 

The Earliest Known American Diploma of Medicine. — The 
earliest known medical diploma or certificate to practice was 
given by Christopher Witt to John Kaign in 1758. It set forth: 



i. iY/i //U , /itr*^ (in^Kr /iam^ ^ a fan /M->^a:v.- /ou<. «< 



EARLIEST AMERICAN MEDICAL DIPLOMA. 

Physicians Traveled Long Distances.— Witt traveled long 
distances in the course of his practice. In a case of sudden 
illness in Coventry, in northern Chester County, January 1, 
1732, Richard Piatt was sent on horseback ''to ye Doctor" at 
Germantown to explain the symptoms and secure some medi- 
cine. The messenger cost three shillings, and the physic eight 
shillings and eight pence. 

14 



210 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Dr. Kearsley and Dr. Cadwalader. — A laudatory poem con- 
cerning Dr. John Kearsley, published in 1744, said of him: 

"How far and wide his practice has been spread 
To heal the sick and almost raise the dead." 

His nephew, Dr. John Kearsley, took sides with the British, 
and in 1775 was driven through the streets to the tune of ''The 
Rogues' March," and barely escaped a coat of tar and feathers. 

Dr. Thomas Cadwalader made some dissections and gave 
some demonstrations in anatomy in 1730, made a post-mortem 
examination in 1742, and published a book upon the ''Dry 
Gripes" in 1745. 

The Pennsylvania Hospital. — The Pennsylvania Hospital 
was established in 1751 largely through the exertions of Dr. 
Thomas Bond and with the support of the Quakers. Matthias 
Koplin, a German on the Perkiomen, gave to it its first real 
estate. It is the oldest hospital in America, and down to the 
present time has ever declined to apply to the State for assist- 
ance. Franklin, when he came to die, gave to it the uncol- 
lec table claims of his printing firm, but they were found to 
have no value, and were, therefore, refused by the trustees. 
At this hospital Bond performed the operation of lithotomy for 
the first time in 1756. 

The First Medical School in America. — John Morgan, one 
of the first graduates of the University of Pennsylvania, then 
the College, went to Edinburgh to study medicine. His Latin 
Thesis he dedicated to Thomas Penn. On his return he estab- 
lished in 1765 the Medical School of the College, being the 
earliest in America, with Dr. William Shippen and himself as 
professors. Morgan is regarded as the founder of American 
medicine. He became Director-general of the General Hospi- 
tals of the Continental Army in 1775. Dr. Adam Kuhn and 
Dr. Benjamin Rush were added to the faculty in 1768 and 1769. 



MEDICINE 211 

Rush became the noted physician of the country, added much 
to the Hterature of his profession, practised bleeding extensively, 
was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and 
is gratefully remembered for his courage and steadfastness in 
the yellow fever epidemic of 1793. 

Yellow Fever in Philadelphia.— Philadelphia was visited by 
the yellow fever in 1699, 1762, 1793, and 1798. The fever of 
1793 almost depopulated the city, gave rise to much literature, 
and seriously affected its fortunes. 

The Medical Fame of the University of Pennsylvania.— The 
Medical School of the University soon became the most famous 
in the country, and prior to the War of the Rebellion the greater 
number of the physicians of the South and the West had been 
educated there. 

Great Philadelphia Surgeons.— Dr. Philip Syng Physick is 
known as the ''Father of American Surgery." Dr. George 
McClellan, father of Major-general George B. McClellan, es- 
tabhshed the Jefferson Medical College in 1824. It reached 
prominence and influence largely through the association with 
it of Dr. Samuel D. Gross, the eminent surgeon, whose work 
upon ''Surgery" became a text-book wherever this art was 
taught. Gross has been called the foremost surgeon of his day. 
Dr. Bodo Otto was a famous physician at Reading prior to 
the Revolution, and the Lancaster County name of Atlee is 
conspicuously identified with surgery. 

Physicians of the Revolution.— Dr. Jonathan Potts, who had 
practised his profession at Pottstown and Reading, became the 
physician in charge of the hospitals during the Revolutionary 
War. His books still extant show that he depended largely 
upon bleeding and mercury, and that he set broken limbs and 
pulled teeth. He was assisted during the war by Dr. Samuel 
Kennedy, who lived at the Yellow Springs in Chester County, 
and had charge of a hospital while the army lay at Valley Forge. 



212 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Other Philadelphia Medical Colleges. — The Philadelphia 
College of Medicine was established in 1847, and later was 
merged with the Pennsylvania Medical College, and finally 
its faculty were many of them taken into the Jefferson Medical 
College. The Woman's Medical College, which was a forcible 
indication of the growing tendency to enlarge the sphere of the 
activities of woman, was started in 1850 and has been an en- 
tirely successful institution. The Medico-Chirurgical College 
was organized April 10, 1867. It has steadily improved its 
teaching force and facilities and grown in favor. 

''The American Journal of the Medical Sciences," started in 
Philadelphia in 1820, has cUstanced all rivals, and is the recog- 
nized organ of medical expression. The first professional 
society in America, the Philadelphia Medical Society, was or- 
ganized February 4, 1765, but soon perished. The College 
of Physicians, formed January 2, 1787, still exists and has con- 
tinually thriven. Within the last few years it has built an 
attractive hall. 

Physicians of Middle and Western Pennsylvania. — Dr. 
Hugh Mercer took part in the Bradclock Campaign of 1755. In 
the Revolutionary War he became a general and was killed at 
Princeton. Dr. David Marchand began practice near Greens- 
burg, in Westmoreland County, in 1770, and built a private 
hospital, the first west of the Alleghany Mountains. Dr. 
John Connolly took an active part in the land disputes between 
Virginia and Pennsylvania prior to the Revolution, but finally 
succeeded in leaving a dubious reputation. Dr. Edward 
Hand came to America as a surgeon of the 18th Royal Irish 
Regiment. He resigned and practised his profession in Pitts- 
burgh. He entered the American service at the time of the 
Revolution and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. Dr. 
William Irvine, who had been a sargeon on a British vessel, 



MEDICINE 213 

likewise became a brigadier in the Continental Army. He 
afterward practised medicine at Carlisle. 

Dr. John Knight, of Fayette County, went as a surgeon in 
Crawford's expedition against the Indians of the West, was 
captured and painted black to be burned, but fortunately es- 
caped. The two earliest physicians in Pittsburgh, hving there 
in 1783, were Dr. Nathaniel Bedford and Dr. Thomas Parker. 
Dr. John Julius Lemoyne began practice in Washington, Penn- 
sylvania, about 1797, and built the first crematory in America. 
Dr. Joseph Doddridge, born in Bedford County, practised 
medicine for many years, but is better known as the author of 
''Doddridge's Notes," one of the most important sources of 
information concerning western conditions and history. In 
Pittsburgh, Mercy Hospital was opened in 1847, the Western 
Pennsylvania Hospital in 1853, and a Medical School became 
comiected with the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1892. 

Homeopathy in Pennsylvania.— Homeopathy, introduced 
into America in 1825, made its first appearance in Pennsyl- 
vania when, July 24, 1828, Dr. Henry Detweiler, of Hellerto\\Ti, 
gave the first dose of that kind of medicine. Dr. Constantine 
Hering gave the treatment an impetus in 1833. It has smce 
flourished, and now has its schools and separate board of ex- 
aminers created by the State. The Homeopathic Medical 
College of Pennsylvania was founded in 1848. The first hospi- 
tal for lunatics was established at Harrisburg in 1851, and 
there are now seven such institutions maintained by the State. 
In addition there are two institutions for the care of the feeble 

minded. 

Eminent Medical Instructors of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania.— The present success and great increase in the number 
of students of the University of Pennsylvania has been largely 
due to the capacity and efforts of Dr. William Pepper, one of 
its recent provosts. In late years few of the world's surgeons 



214 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

have stood higher in the esteem of the profession than Dr. 
D. Hayes Agnew. Another member of the profession wrote 
of his book that it ''will remain unrivalled in surgical htera- 
ture." He attended General Winfield S. Hancock who had 
been wounded at Gettysburg, and the President, James A. 
Garfield, after he had been shot by an assassin. Dr. James 
Tyson, President of the College of Physicians and long Pro- 
fessor of Theory and Practice in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, and Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, a recognized authority upon 
snake poisons and nervous diseases, have in recent years main- 
tained high professional repute. The appropriation of the 
State at the legislative session of 1911 for the support of hos- 
pitals, homes, asylums, and other charities was for the coming 
two years $18,299,853.97. 



CHAPTER XXII 
LAW AND LAWYERS 

The Courts and Their Jurisdiction.— The Judicial System of 
Pennsylvania consists, in the first place, of Magistrates and 
Justices of the Peace, who are elected for a term of five years 
and who have jurisdiction in civil cases involving not more 
than One Hundred Dollars, and concurrent jurisdiction with the 
Courts of Common Pleas up to Three Hundred Dollars. 

The State is divided into Judicial Districts, in each of which 
a Court of Common Pleas has original jurisdiction in civil cases. 
The Judges of the Common Pleas sit also as Judges of the Courts 
of Quarter Sessions and Oyer and Terminer in which criminal 
cases are tried. There is no separate Court of Chancery in 
Pennsylvania, and the State has a peculiar legal history in the 
fact that it developed a system under which the principles of 
equity were worked out through common law forms. 

The Courts of Common Pleas now, however, are invested with 
equitable jurisdiction. The judges of these courts are in many 
of the counties also Judges of the Orphans' Courts, having juris- 
diction over the estates of dead persons and of minors. In 
some of the counties there are separate Orphans' Courts. 

The Superior Court is an intermediate Court of Appeals, con- 
sisting of seven judges who are elected for a term of ten years, 
and who have appellate jurisdiction in cases involving not 
over One Thousand Dollars, and in appeals from the Courts 
of Oyer and Terminer and Quarter Sessions except in cases of 
felonious homicide. 

215 



216 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six other 
Justices elected for a term of twenty-one years and ineUgible 
for re-election. 

Pennsylvania Law an Advance on English Law. — Under 
the influence of WiUiam Penn many advances were made in 
the law as it existed in England. The death penalty was re- 
moved as a punishment for all crimes except murder. Real 
estate or land was made liable for the debts of its owner. A 
system of recording deeds was established. Under the English 
law the lands, upon the death of the parent, descended to the. 
oldest son, but under the Permsylvania law to all of the chil- 
dren alike. 

No Convictions for Witchcraft. — At the time of the foundation 
of the province a belief in witchcraft was everywhere prev- 
alent. Many supposed witches were hanged in Massachusetts, 
but there has never been a conviction for witchcraft in Penn- 
sylvania. 

The First Chief Justice Impeached. — Nicholas Moore became 
the first Chief Justice, appointed in 1684. He had the ill 
fortune to be impeached before he had been in office a year, 
but the Council before whom he was tried was friendly and 
nothing came of the attempt. 

Early Lawyers and Courts. — There were four lawyers in the 
province in 1708: David Lloyd, George Lowther, Thomas Clark, 
and Thomas MacNamara. Pastorius complained that, in an 
ejectment suit involving the title to German town, his antago- 
nist, John Henry Sprogell, had given fees to them all and thus 
prevented him from getting justice. Lloyd, a man of great force 
and ability, prepared the earliest compilation of the laws, which 
was printed by Andrew Bradford in 1714. An Ecclesiastical 
Court sat at Weccacoe in 1686 and rendered a judgment. 

The Principles of Libel Law First Established in Pennsyl- 
vania. — The most interesting event, however, in our early 



LAW AND LAWYERS 217 

legal annals is the fact that the modern principles of the law of 
hbel as enforced in England and in all Enghsh-speaking coun- 
tries were first established in Pennsylvania. In a case against 
Peter Boss, tried in 1692, evidence of the truth of the alleged 
libellous statements was admitted by the court, and in the con- 
current trial of William Bradford it was left to the jury to say 
whether or not the printed paper was seditious in character. 
Andrew Hamilton went from Philadelphia to New York in 
1735 to conduct the case of the printer, Zenger, accused of 
hbel. He contended for the principles which had been decided 
in Pennsylvania. This case attracted wide attention and it was 
included among the State trials. It led to the passage of the 
Fox Libel Act in England. It likewise gave to Hamilton and 
to the Philadelphia lawyer a reputation which has endured to 
our own time. 

Eminent Philadelphia Lawyers.— To Andrew Hamilton we 
owe the erection of the Pennsylvania State House, which after 
the Revolution became widely known by its more popular and 
national name of Independence Hall. His rival at the bar was 
Joseph Growdon. Joseph Galloway and John Dickinson suc- 
ceeded him in the leadership of the Philadelphia bar prior to 
the Revolution. Galloway, who in addition to his work as a 
lawyer and legislator, wrote a theological treatise published in 
two volumes, lost caste by his participation with the British, and 
he emigrated to England and never returned. The important 
services of Dickinson to the cause of the colonies have been else- 
where detailed. 

James Wilson, of Carlisle.^At the same time with these men 
there loomed up at Carhsle an imposing figure whose legal work 
was perhaps more important than that of any other Pennsyl- 
vanian, and ranks with that of any other American laA\yer. 
James Wilson, born in 1715, as a member of the Congress of 
1776 signed the Declaration of Independence. His influence 



218 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 




JAMES WILSON. 



in the preparation of the Constitution of the United States 
was perhaps unequalled by that of any other member of the 
convention. It was mainly due to his addresses, papers, and 
effort that Pennsylvania ratified that Constitution, and thus 

rendered its adoption by all of the 
States secure. In 1791 heestabhshed 
a law school, the first in America, in 
connection with the University of 
Pennsylvania. He contemplated and 
to some extent completed a commen- 
tary upon the English law after the 
manner of Blackstone. Washington 
appointed him in 1789 one of the 
Justices of the Supreme Court of the 
United States. 

The First American ''Blackstone." 
— Bell, the printer, brought out the 
earliest American edition of "Blackstone" in five volumes in 
Philadelphia in 1773. 

Outlawry in Pennsylvania. — One effect of the presence of 
the two armies in the State during the Revolution was to give 
an opportunity for and incitement to bands of outlaws. The 
most conspicuous of these outlaws were the Doanes, of Quaker 
antecedents, in Bucks County. They were seven athletic 
brothers, headed by the eldest, Moses Doane, who roamed 
the country from the Hudson to the Susquehanna, robbing, 
pillaging, killing, and giving aid to the British, and they fur- 
nished a fertile theme for romance. Moses could jump over a 
Conestoga wagon. Toward the close of the war they were all 
captured, tried, and some of them hanged. James Fitzpatrick, 
a similar character and a daring fellow, like Robin Hood, robbed 
the rich and gave to the poor in the neighborhood of the Dia- 
mond Rock in Chester County. He, too, was caught through 



LAW AND LAWYERS 219 

the help of a modern Delilah and was hanged. He is the Sandy- 
Flash in Bayard Taylor's novel, 'The Story of Kennett." 

Quakers Punished by Prejudice. — John Roberts and Abra- 
ham Carlisle, two Quakers, in the midst of the fierce feeling 
caused by the Revolutionary war, were tried for and convicted 
of treason, hanged, and their estates confiscated. Few people 
then beheved, and none now believe, in the justice of their 
fate. 

William Lewis, of Chester County. — William Lewis, from 
Chester County, became the leading lawyer in Philadelphia 
toward the close of the period of the Revolution, and developed 
great skill in the conduct of trials for treason, which then often 
occurred. He was the counsel for John Fries in the case which 
grew out of the Fries Rebellion in Bucks and Montgomery 
counties, over the window tax. 

Hugh H, Brackenridge, of Allegheny County. — A most pic- 
turesque character was Hugh H. Brackenridge, of Allegheny 
County, who became known about the same time in literature 
by his ''Modern Chivalry" and "Gazette" pubhcations, and 
in law for his "Law Miscellany" and as a Justice of the Supreme 
Court. The judges then rode upon circuit. One day he stopped 
at a country town and at dinner was waited upon by a buxom 
and attractive country girl. After getting away two or three 
miles, he turned back and asked her to marry him. She gave 
her consent and became his wife. It is Whittier's story of 
"Maud Muller" reversed. 

Leaders of the Philadelphia Bar. — The Philadelphia bar has 
always maintained a high standard of learning and ethics, and 
has had an exceptional reputation throughout the country for in- 
telligence. Its leaders since the time of Lewis have been WilHam 
Bradford, who became Attorney-general of the United States, 
William Rawle, Horace Binney, who wrote six volumes of re- 
ports and some papers on the right of the government to sus- 



220 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

pend the writ of habeas corpus in the time of war, George W. 
Biddle, and John G. Johnson, of whom the last named gathered 
an exceptional collection of works of art. 

Pennsylvania's U. S. Attorneys-General. — Eight lawyers from 
Pennsylvania have been Attorneys-general of the United States. 
Among them Jeremiah S. Black, a strong personality, who wore 
a wig and took snuff, was the Attorney-general under Buchanan 
during the trying time which preceded the War of the Rebellion, 
and became also Secretary of State. One of them, Edwin M. 
Stanton, became Secretary of War during the same struggle. 
A third, Wayne MacVeagh, was also Minister to Turkey and to 
Italy. 

The Pittsburgh Bar. — The Pittsburgh bar has, of recent years, 
developed great strength. One of its members, George Shiras, 
Jr., was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
United States in 1892. 

Chief Justice John B. Gibson, of Perry County. — What John 
Marshall was to the law of the United States, John Bannister 
Gibson, born in Perry County in 1780, was to the law of Penn- 
sylvania. During the formative period, when principles were 
being established, he was the Chief Justice, and his was the 
directing mind, and among lawyers he ranks higher than such 
famous men as Story. He estabhshed the doctrine, now uni- 
versal in America, that on a sale of goods the keeping of posses- 
sion by the man who sells is a fraud as against creditors. He 
had been a member of Assembly, had written some verse, dabbled 
in art, and was regarded as an adept upon the violin. 

Justice George Sharswood, of Philadelphia. — One of the most 
eminent of the Chief Justices, George Sharswood, was born in 
Philadelphia in 1810, and long presided over the District Court 
in that city. He prepared an edition of ^'Blackstone," still 
widely used as a text-book upon the law, and a treatise upon 
"Professional Ethics," much esteemed. 



LAW AND LAWYERS 221 

Eminent Criminal Lawyers. — At the criminal bar, David 
Paul Brown, who wrote a book entitled 'The Forum," William 
B. Mann, Lewis C. Cassidy, who became Attorney-general of 
the State, and William B. Reed, who was American Minister 
to China, reached distinction. The corporation lawyer, who 
seldom appears in court, but sits in his office and creates great 
combinations of capital, is a recent development. 

Law Associations. — The Law Academy of Philadelphia, or- 
ganized in 1783 and still in existence as a moot court, is the 
oldest legal institution in the State. A State Bar Association, 
including members from the bar from all the counties of the 
State, created in 1895, met in that year at Bedford Springs. 
Its recommendations have had a great influence upon the legis- 
lation of the State. The Law Association of Philadelphia, 
created in 1802, looked to the estabhshment of a great law li- 
brary and to supervision of the interests of courts and lawyers. 
Its influence has been in every way wholesome. 



CHAPTER XXIII 
EDUCATION 

Holland Had the First Public Schools. — The earliest public 
schools were established in Holland, and there were school- 
masters among the Dutch and Swedes who first settled along 
the Delaware. 

William Penn Establishes Public Schools. — The form of 
government prepared by Penn in 1682 directed that the gover- 
nor and council ''shall erect and order all publick schools and 
encourage and reward the authors of useful sciences and laud- 
able inventions." A year had not gone by after Penn's arrival 
before, considering the great necessity of a schoolmaster ''for 
ye instruction and sober education of youth," he summoned 
Enoch Flower, a schoolmaster, and agreed with him that by 
the quarter he should have 4 shillings for teaching reading, 6 
shillings for teaching reading and writing, and if casting ac- 
counts should be added, 8 shilhngs for the quarter year. For 
the board, lodging, washing, and schooling of a pupil he should 
be paid £10 a year. At the first session of the Assembly 
a law was passed making it compulsory upon parents and 
guardians to educate the children. A few years later, in 1689, a 
grammar school was chartered, which became the William 
Penn Charter School, remaining to-day one of the most im- 
portant of the schools of the country. George Keith, its first 
teacher, was soon succeeded by Thomas Makin, who in his old 
age wrote a poem. He fell from a wharf into the Delaware and 
was drowned. 

222 



EDUCATION 223 

Education Among the Early German Settlers. — The Germans 
hold a distinguished position in the history of the State and of 
the country with regard to education. As has been already 

(Sine 




i&nung 



T)avinncu Deutficft torgeftelt tvivb, auf ivelcfic 

QBei^e &ie ^iiiDer nic()t nur in ^enen in ©Au^ 

(en 9eit)5^nac()en Cc|)vcn beften^ ait3cbracf)t, 

fonDern auc^ in ter (?e^re Der ©ottfcfigfeit 

tvo()l unterric^tet tvciDcn mogeii. 

21u^ Mi ju &cm menfcl^dc^cn ©cfc5(c4)t aiifgcfc^t t)urc6 bcti 
ivoljlerfaljrnen unD lan^ gciibren ©djulniciftcr/ 

§:jriftopl) ©ocf. 

llnD ^urcft einicjc Ji-cunDe bed gcmeinen ^cftitti 
Wn 2)iurt ubercjel>en. 



(gciriiirtittotvit: 

(Se^rucfr uuDau finDen bep <^(;rirtcp^ eaur, i/T^, 

EARLIEST AMERICAN TREATISE ON SCHOOL-TEACHING, 

pointed out, an unusually large proportion of the settlers of 
Germantown were men of learning. 

Francis Daniel Pastorius. — In 1701 ''it was found good to 
start a school here in Germantown." Pastorius, the peda- 



224 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

gogue, charged for the instruction of a child at the rate of 4 
pence per week. He wrote the first Pennsylvania school book 
and Bradford printed it. 

Christopher Dock. — Christopher Dock, ''the pious school- 
master on the Skippack," a sweet soul, came to America in 1714 
and taught school at Germantown, Salford, and Skippack. 
He disbelieved in the use of the rod then prevalent in England 
and elsewhere, and gave as rewards to the children pictures of 
birds and flowers and wrote for them ''Vorschriften." His 
essay upon school-teaching, written in 1750, is the earliest 
American book upon the subject. He died in his schoolhouse 
at Skippack on his knees at prayer, a fitting end to a useful life. 







^^^BHH 


[Hk/.;. in 


■ 


■■■ 



LETITIA PENN's SCHOOLHOUSE AT VALLEY FORGE, BUILT IN 1705. 

The Moravian Schools. — The Moravians opened a school 
at Germantown in 1742, which soon had fifty pupils, including 
some Indians, and later seminaries at Bethlehem, Nazareth, 
and Li tit z, which became famous over the country. Washing- 
ton sent his wards from Virginia to the Bethlehem school. 

Earliest Schoolhouses. — In the early period a schoolhouse 
was regarded as a necessary attachment to a church. The one 
connected with St. James Episcopal Church, at Evansburg, in 
Montgomery County, is still standing. The schoolhouse which 
Letitia Aubrey, daughter of William Penn, built in 1705 upon 



EDUCATION 



225 



her manor of Mount Joy, which was later long used as a stable, 
has been restored, and is preserved on its original site in the 
Park at Valley Forge. On it may be read the dated scribblings 
of children made in the early part of the eighteenth century. 
A stone building, one story in height, in the shape of an octagon, 
''eight square," became a popular form for the schoolhouse. 
There is one at the Diamond Rock in the Chester Valley and 
another at Phoenixville. 

Charity Schools. — About 1750 WiUiam Smith and others 
devised a plan for the establishment of charity schools among 




THE LO(; COLLEGE. 



the Germans, and about £20,000 were raised in Europe for 
the purpose. Some schools were started, but the Germans did 
not take kindly to the idea of charity. The scheme had the 
purpose of weaning them away from their native language with 
a political object in view, and it ended in failure. 

Old Log College. — The Presbyterians founded a school in 
Bucks County in 1727 which became kno^\Tl as ''the Log Col- 
lege," and which has been described as "the Cradle of the Pres- 
byterian Church in America." One of its results was the estab- 
lishment of Princeton University in New Jersey. 

15 



226 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The Oldtime Schoolmasters and School Customs. — A large 
proportion of the early schoolmasters came from Ireland. Their 
manners were often rough and their methods crude. Printed 
arithmetics were scarce, and it was not unusual for the school- 
master to prepare them in manuscript. Much of his time was 
spent in cutting quill pens from the wing feathers of the goose. 
The ink was put into a round pewter ink-horn, about the cir- 
cumference of which were round holes for the insertion of the 
quills. It was followed later by a glass bottle fitted into a frame 
made of cork, which could not be upset, and also having the 

quill holes. A box of 
pewter or tin, full of 
sand, with which to 
dry the ink on the 
written page, stood on 
the master's desk. A 
walnut frame with six 
movable slides, one 
end of each having cut 
in it the word ''out" 
and the other end having the word ''in," hung by the door. 
The children were expected to move these shdes when they 
went outside or returned, so as to keep the master informed. 
Ludwig Hocker, the schoolmaster at Ephrata, wrote an arith- 
metic, which he published in 1784. At its close were two hymns 
and a prayer. The Schwenkf elders, in Montgomery County, 
raised a fund of £800 for the estabUshment of a school in 1764. 
The war, a few years later, depleted the fund. But the present 
thriving Perkiomen Seminary, at Pennsburg, is the outcome. 
Said Acrelius, writing in 1750, "At almost every ridge of woods 
there is a schoolhouse." 

The Begmnings of the PubHc School System.— The Consti- 
tution of 1776 directed that "a school or schools shall be estab- 




PEWTER SAND-BOX AND INK-STAND. 



EDUCATION 



227 



■9k " y' Mm^^^^^ ^% af. 


^ 


Ill m = 3- i 


jy^ 




.^1^9 



WEST COLLEGE, DICKINSON COLLEGE. 



lished in each county by the Legislature for the convenient in- 
struction of youth, with such salaries to the masters paid by 
the pubUc as may enable them to instruct youth at low prices; 
and all useful learn- 
ing shall be duly 
encouraged and 
promoted at one or 
more Universities. ' ' 
Since the masters 
were to be paid at 
the pubhc expense, 
this was an ad- 
vanced step to- 
ward the creation 
of a public school 
system. It was 

hkewise the first time in America that a university was pro- 
vided for by the fundamental law of the State. Under its 

terms the acad- 
emy and college 
having its origin 
in 1740 became 
the University of 
Pennsylvania. 

Colleges in the 
Interior Counties. 
— Dickinson Col- 
lege, at Carlisle, 
named for the 
Pennsylvania statesman, John Dickinson, and from which were 
graduated James Buchanan, President of the United States, 
and Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States, 
Franklin and Marshall College, at Lancaster, the Western 




WESTTOWN SCHOOL. 



228 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 




University of Pennsylvania, at Pittsburgh, Washington and 
Jefferson College, and the Westtown Boarding School of Friends, 
all had their origin in the eighteenth century. 

At the present time there is a college or higher institu- 
tion of learning in almost every county of the State. 

Leading Col- 
leges and Institu- 
tions of Learning. 
— Bryn Mawr Col- 
lege, if not at the 
head of all those 
in the country de- 
voted to the edu- 
cation of women, 
at least takes rank 
among the fore- 
most. The State 
College, near Bellefonte, created l^y the commonwealth and 
the nation as an institution for the purpose of teaching agri- 
culture and training husbandmen, has developed in many 
directions and now instructs in the arts and has large 
classes. 

Haverford College and Swarthmore College, conducted under 
the auspices of the sect of Friends, have an established reputa- 
tion as centres of education. Lafayette College, Muhlenberg 
College, and Lehigh University are among the schools of the 
most importance. The Drexel Institute, in Philadelphia, and 
the Carnegie Institute, in Pittsburgh, having their rise in the 
generosity of individuals, fill spheres of their own in the pro- 
cesses of intellectual development. 

Girard College, in Philadelphia, provides for the education of 
orphan boys, and is the most richly endowed institution of 
learning in the United States. 



ROCKEFELLER HALL, BRYN MAWR COLLEGE. 



EDUCATION 



229 



The University of Pennsylvania. — The University of Penn- 
sjdvania, whose Medical School for a century sent its graduates 




PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. 

(Copyright, Lithig & Co., New York.) 

all over the land, and which in recent years has added much 
to the world's knowledge of archaeology and ancient history by 
investigations and excavations in Assyria, has now over fifty- 




ROBERTS HALL, HAVERFORD COLLEGE. 



two hundred students, and they represent more foreign countries 
than those of any other American college or university. 



230 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The Establishment of the Public School System.— The Public 
School System, recommended in an article in Sower's ' 'English 







m^ 




li^;^^ 




-'«se:^^^S .EB^^^SK 1 





SWARTHMORE COLLEGE. 




McKEAN HALL, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. 



Almanac" for 1758, and foreshadowed in the provisions of the 
Constitution of 1776, was established during the administration 



EDUCATION 



231 



of Governor George Wolf in 1834. Because of his support of 
this measure Wolf was defeated for the governorship at the 
next election. 

The State Department of Public Instruction.— The Depart- 
ment of Public Instruction, at first a branch of the office of the 
Secretary of the Commonwealth, became a separate department 




DORMITORIES, UNIVERSITY OF PExNNSYLVANIA. 



in 1857. Between 1859 and 1873 thirteen normal schools for 
the training of teachers were established in different parts of 
the State. In 1867 legislation was passed providing for an 
annual teachers' institute, at which the teachers in the public 
schools from over the State met for the purpose of suggestion 
and consultation as to matters relating to these schools. 



232 PENNYSLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

When Stevens made his address before the Legislature in 
favor of the pubhc school system, in 1834, he pointed out the 
fact that only boys who were the sons of wealthy men could 
enter college. These young men were tutored by clergymen 
and others who prepared students for college. Stevens said 
that the new public school system would prepare the poor man's 
son for college. The township public schools of the State did 
not prepare for college until after the township high school was 
estabhshed in 1884, fifty years after Stevens' speech. 

The Central High School of Philadelphia.— A Central High 
School, in connection with the Public School System, was or- 
ganized in Philadelphia in 1838, and from it have graduated 
many men of distinction in all the walks of life. 

The School Code. — The laws relating to the public schools 
had become so numerous and involved that upon the report of a 
special commission appointed to study the subject, a code was 
adopted at the special session of 1911. It provided, among 
other things, for a State Board of Education, a State Superin- 
tendent with assistants, for thirteen Normal Schools, Teachers' 
Institutes, a Teachers' Retirement Fund, School Libraries, and 
for the medical inspection of the pupils and hygienic methods in 
the schools. Among those active in the preparation of this 
important code w^ere Nathan C. Schaeffer, the State Superin- 
tendent, Martin G. Brumbaugh, Superintendent of the Schools 
of Philadelphia, George M. Phihps, of the West Chester Nor- 
mal School, and James M. Coughlin, Superintendent of the 
Schools of Wilkes-Barre. 

State School Appropriations. — The appropriations now made 
by the commonwealth for the support of the public schools and 
the normal schools amount to the enormous sum of $7,500,000 
for each year, about equal to the entire revenues of the American 
Government at the time of Thomas Jefferson. 



CHAPTER XXIV 
IRON AND COAL 

Pennsylvania's Natural Wealth. — The great wealth of 
Pennsylvania is largely due to her many and extensive manu- 
factories of iron, and to the further fact that within her borders 
is substantially the only deposit of anthracite coal in the 
country. 

Thomas Rutter, the First Pennsylvania Iron Master. — Jona- 
than Dickinson, in a letter in 1717, says: ''This last Summer one 
Thomas Rutter a Smith who lives not far from Germanto\\Ti 
hath removed further up in the country and of his own strength 
hath set up making iron." We are thus informed who was the 
man who deserves the credit for beginning the manufacture of 
iron and of the time of its occurrence. Thomas Rutter, a 
blacksmith, had taken some part in the Keith controversy upon 
the side of Keith and had been called by Pastorius "a Boasting 
Disputer." He built Pool Forge, upon the Manatawny Creek, 
not far from the present borough of Pottstown. His career 
was short, since^Ke^ died in 1729-30, but, in the meantime, he 
had taken into partnership Thomas Potts, also from German- 
town, who continued the business. Dickinson says in the 
same letter: "We have accounts of others that are going on 
with the iron works." 

The Early Iron Forges and Furnaces. — Almost at the same 
time with Rutter, and some have written that it was at an earlier 
period, Samuel Nutt, an Englishman, from Warwickshire, built 
a forge on the French Creek, in Chester County, which he called 



234 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Coventry. It was in operation in 1718. Nutt gave his name 
to the road which led from the iron works through Phcenixville 
and Valley Forge to Philadelphia, and it became a noted high- 
way. Associated with him were William Branson and, for a 
short time, a blacksmith named Mordecai Lincoln, whose son 

John went to Virginia and 
was the great-grandfather 
of President Abraham Lin- 
coln. It is an interesting 
fact that Mordecai Lincoln 
o^vned a negro slave named 
Jack. The ore bank at 
Coventry was discovered 
and pointed out to Nutt 
by an Indian chief, to whose 
daughter Nutt, in recogni- 
tion, gave an iron pot 
worth four shillings six 
pence. Colebrookdale Fur- 
nace was erected by 
Thomas Rutter and others 
about 1720, in Berks 
County, and Reading Fur- 
nace, by Samuel Nutt 
about the same date, on the 
French Creek, in Chester 
County. 
John Potts, Founder of Pottstown. — On the death of Rutter, 
Thomas Potts came to the front as the leading manufacturer 
of iron, and on the death of the latter in 1752, he was succeeded 
by his son John, who appears to have given to the industry its 
greatest impulse. He founded Pottstown, which in the begin- 
ning was called Pottsylvania. The Potts family were the lead- 




t'HAlK OF MUKDECAI LINCOLN. 



IRON AND COAL 



235 



ing ironmasters of their time. By intermarriage relations were 
established with the ironmasters on the French Creek. They 
secured Warwick Furnace, built in 1737, where to a large extent 
the cannon of the Revolution were made, and Valley Forge, 
built by Daniel Walker and two others, and they extended their 
business affairs to the Susquehanna, to Lancaster, to Phila- 
delphia, and to England. Anthony Morris, one of those inter- 
ested in the erection of Durham Furnace in Bucks County in 
1727, was one of their early partners, and William Bird, who in 




STEEL WORKS AT BRADDOCK, PA. 

1740 began making iron where Birdsborough now stands, was 
trained by them. 

Methods Used in the Iron Business- Negro slaves, redemp- 
tioners, and a number of Indians were employed at both Cole- 
brookdale and Coventry. The iron was hauled in wagons to 
Philadelphia over the rough country roads, one ton at a time. 
The capacity of Colebrookdale Furnace was about two hundred 
tons a year, and it is not probable that any of the early furnaces 
much exceeded it. 

The First Steel in America. — Steel was made at Coventry a§ 



236 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



early as 1732, believed to be the first in America, and Acrelius 
tells us, in 1750, that at William Branson's iron works on the 
French Creek ''there is a steel furnace." He describes the 
process and says, "it serves as the best steel to put upon 
edge tools." At that time axes and hatchets were made of 
wrought iron, but edges of steel were Avelded on them. Speci- 
mens can still be occasionally seen. 




IRON STOVE-PLATE. 



The Manufacture of Stoves. — At Warwick stoves and stove- 
plates covered with ornamentation and Biblical inscriptions 
were extensively made. The Warwick books of accounts 
show many sales of stoves to Franklin, but nowhere give them 
his name. Such stove-plates were also made at Durham and 
at Elizabeth, a furnace built in Lancaster County about 1750, 
and famous because it belonged to the celebrated Baron William 
Stiegel, who also made a glass now much sought for, 



IRON AND COAL 



237 



Iron West of the Susquehanna. — The first furnace, ''Mary 
Ann," west of the Susquehanna was built in York County in 
1762 by George Ross and Mark Bird, a son of Wilham Bird 
and a colonel in the Revolutionary Army. 

Iron in Lebanon County. — In 1789 there were in Pennsyl- 
vania fourteen furnaces and thirty-four forges. One of the 
most noted of the iron properties of the State is Cornwall 
Furnace in Lebanon County, started in 1742 by Peter Grubb, 
who left two sons, both of whom became colonels in the Revo- 
lutionary Army. 





: 


1 








L.-jg 


i 


L 


M^Wl^M 




^^^^^^H^ 


1^ 





IRON FURNACES AT LEBANON. 



The Phoenix Iron Company. — The works of the Phoenix Iron 
Company at Phoenixville, in Chester County, arose out of a 
rolling and slitting mill erected at the mouth of the French 
Creek by Benjamin Longstreth in 1790. 

Iron West of the Alleghanies. — The same year John Hayden 
made ''the first iron in a smith's fire" west of the Alleghany 
Mountains in Fayette County, and in the same county the 
earliest furnace west of the mountains was erected. 

Iron in Huntingdon and Centre Counties.— The manufacture 



238 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

of iron rapidly travelled westward. From the beginning of 
the nineteenth century down to 1842 there was more iron 
produced in Huntingdon and Centre Counties than anj^where 
else in the country. Up to this time the smelting was done in 
charcoal furnaces and the supply of fuel came from the forests. 
From this centre of production most of the iron was hauled in 
wagons to Pittsburgh, which then began to be known as a mart 
for the product, which later gave to that city so much of its 
wealth. 

Iron in Fayette County: the First Puddling Mill.— Fayette 
County also continued as an important centre in the making of 
iron, having in 1811 eleven furnaces, eight forges, three mills, 
a steel furnace, and five trip-hammers, and in that county the 
first puddling mill in America was built in 1816. Arthur St. 
Clair, who had been Major-general in the command of the Army 
of the United States, undertook to make iron near Ligonier in 
Westmoreland County in 1802, but, unfortunate in this venture 
as in his campaigns, failed. 

The Cambria Iron Company. — The great industry at Johns- 
town, known in recent years as the Cambria Iron and Steel 
Company, began with Cambria Forge, built by John Holiday 
in 1809. 

The Beginnings at Pittsburgh. — George Anshutz, born in 1753 
on the borderland between Germany and France, and who had 
had the management of a foundry at Strasburg, built a furnace 
in 1792 in Pittsburgh, and thus became the leader in a develop- 
ment which has affected the commercial relations of the entire 
world. There were three nail factories in Pittsburgh in 1807; 
Abner Updegraff started to make files; a rolling mill followed in 
1813, and thirteen years later there were six of them. 

The Great Industries of Pittsburgh. — The leadership of 
Pennsylvania in the production of iron and steel has been mainly 
due to the energy shown in this respect by the people of Pitts- 



IRON AND COAL 



239 



burgh. Allegheii}^ County in 1901 produced 23 per cent, of 
the pig iron of the United States and 38 per cent, of the steel of 
the United States. It is sho\vn by the census of 1900 that 
Pennsylvania as compared with the entire country produced 
16 per cent, of the pig-iron, 48 per cent, of the steel rails, 91 
per cent, of the structural steel, and 56 per cent, of the rolled 
products. The fortune of Andrew Carnegie, one of the most 
immense the world has ever kno^^Tl, and which has given assist- 




PITTSBURGH. 



ance to libraries and charities in many lands, was the outcome 
of the growth of this industry. 

Bessemer Steel. — Bessemer steel began to be made in Penn- 
sylvania at Steelton in 1867, and in the same j^ear the first steel 
rails in the United States were rolled at Johnsto^m. 

The Anthracite Coal Deposits of Pennsylvania. — But the 
making of iron and steel could never have assumed such pro- 
portions but for the deposits of coke and coal, anthracite and 
bituminous. In Pennsylvania there are about seventeen hun- 



240 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



dred square miles of anthracite coal deposits. About one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand men are employed in mining it. The 
production has reached about sixty millions of tons in a single 
year. 

The Discovery of Anthracite Coal. — In 1776 James Tilghman 
wrote to the Penns, then proprietaries, that "a bed of anthra- 
cite coal had been found in the Wyoming Valley, and that it 
may some day or other be of great value." He was cautious, 
but still a prophet. Two years later a couple of blacksmiths 





j^W 




'--:^:*afe^^-^^t 




■■ r *AA^Hr?' -^' 


KB 


s^fl^^^^^ 






-" V'«^^H| 






g^WI 







COAL BREAKER AT SHENANDOAH. 



used some of it in their forges. A boat load of it was shipped to 
Columbia in 1807. The next year Jesse Fell, of Wilkes-Barre, 
proved that it could ])e burned in an open grate. He wrote on 
February 11, 1808, that he had found that ''it will answer the 
purpose of fuel." Two hundred tons sent to Philadelphia in 
1803 were thro\^^l away. A man who in 1812 took some wagon 
loads to the same city was threatened with arrest. Not until 
1825 could any be there sold, but the same year at Phoenixville 
it was first successfully used in generating steam. 



IRON AND COAL 241 

The First Use of Anthracite Coal in a Blast-furnace. — It was 

first used successfully as an exclusive fuel in a blast-furnace by 
William Lyman at Pottsville, October 19, 1839, and six months 
later David Thomas, at Catasauqua, succeeded in blowing in a 
furnace with it. This able ironmaster conducted the indus- 
tries which have resulted in the Bethlehem Iron and Steel 
Company. The introduction of the use of anthracite and 
bituminous coal began another epoch in the manufacture of 
iron. 

Bituminous Coal. — The supply of bituminous coal in Pennsyl- 
vania is much more extensive, covering twelve thousand square 
miles, but this variety of coal is found in many of the States. 
It was used in Philadelphia during the Revolution, and in 1789 
sold there for Is. 6d. a bushel. It was used at Fort Pitt in 1760, 
and within a few years its use there was generally known. It 
was applied to a steam engine in 1794. Transportation of this 
fuel from Pittsburgh began in 1803. It was first used in blast- 
furnaces at Sharon, in Mercer County, in 1843. The total 
annual production in Pennsylvania has reached about forty 
millions of tons. 

The Manufacture of Pig-iron by Use of Coke. — In 1835 
William Firmstone made pig-iron at Mary Ann Furnace in 
Huntingdon County by the use of coke as fuel. Two years 
later about one hundred tons were made in Fayette County 
with the same fuel. In 1856 there were twenty-one furnaces 
in the State making iron in this way, and at the present time 
fifteen-sixteenths of all of the iron of the United States are pro- 
duced with coke as fuel. 

The Vast Production of Coke in Pennsylvania. — Pennsyl- 
vania produces more coke than all of the other States combined. 
The growth of the output of iron and coal has gravely affected 
the State materially, morally, and pohtically. Canals and rail- 
roads have been laid out to the mining regions, and now the 

16 



242 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



coal is largely owned through indirect processes by the rail- 
roads. 
Corporation Taxes Have Made Pennsylvania Wealthy. — 

If the State is out of debt it is because of the fact that these 
corporations have been taxed for her benefit. The corpora- 
tions, whose stock is mainly owned elsewhere, have brought to 
their mines and furnaces the surplus of population from all of 




COKE FURNACES. 



the nations of Europe, and she has been compelled to maintain 
a national guard and constabulary to keep the unruly in order, 
while often enduring the criticism of those who have brought 
such difficulties upon her and who are quietly reaping the 
profits. 



CHAPTER XXV 
INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 

The Importance of the Oil Industry. — After iron and coal, 
the most important natm-al production of Pennsylvania has 
been coal-oil. Great interests have arisen from it and much 
romance has gathered around it. The largest individual for- 
tune the world has ever seen is the outcome of the development 
of the business of securing and distributing coal-oil. 

The Story of the Discovery of the Commercial Value of 
Oil for Lighting Purposes. — The existence of the oil had long 
been known, and one of the streams emptying into the Alle- 
gheny River had been named Oil Creek because of the quantity 
of petroleum which floated upon its surface. It was known as 
Seneca oil and sold in the drug stores. Attention was called to 
its great commercial value in a very curious way. We all 
know Bret Hart^'s poem of the unlucky man who failed in his 
search for water and found gold. This story here was reahzed. 
A man named Kier, at Tarentum, Pennsylvania, in 1847 bored 
for salt water and pumped up oil. He put it into barrels and 
sold it as a wonderful remedy brought up out of a well in Alle- 
gheny County four hundred feet deep. A professor at Dart- 
mouth College, using one of the bottles of oil, told a man named 
Bissell that in his opinion it could be used for the purpose of 
lighting houses. Bissell drew the conclusion that the right way 
to get to the source of supply was to bore into the earth, organ- 
ized the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company — which was the 
first of its kind in the United States— and sent a quantity to 

243 



244 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Silliman, Professor of Chemistry in Yale College, who reported 
that nearly the whole of the raw product could be treated so as 
to be used for illuminating and other purposes without waste. 
The First Oil-well. — Edwin Drake, one of the stockholders 
of this company, went to Titusville, devised the plan of driving 
a tube into the ground, and succeeded in 1859 in drilling the 
first oil-well. Twenty-five barrels of oil were secured from 
this well. 




OIL DERRICKS. 



The *'Oil Fever."— Then l^egan what has been called the 
*'oil fever." People from all parts of the country flocked to 
western Pennsylvania. In all of the larger cities oil companies 
without number were organized, whose stock was sold on the 
market, and sometimes at high prices, before a drill had reached 
the ground. Land which for generations had been regarded 
as almost barren sold for fabulous prices. To "strike oil" 
became the term used for the sudden gathering of riches. 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 245 

**Coal-oil Johnnie." — '^Coal-oil Johnnie/' an ignorant young 
man whose paternal acres had long brought only poverty and 
were now found to be loaded with wealth, appeared in Phila- 
delphia, scattering ten-dollar bills in all directions, and buying 
a team of horses on one day only to give them to his coachman 
on the next. He built an opera-house in Cincinnati and ended 
his career as its doorkeeper. 

The Great Flow of Oil.— In 1860, near Rouseville, the oil 
flowed out of a well without the use of a pump, and other flow- 
ing wells in other localities were soon found. A merchant at 
Titusville bored a well which supplied sixty gallons a minute, 
and within two years this farm land yielded one hundred and 
sixty-five thousand barrels of oil. The production of the region 
soon ran up to hundreds of thousands of barrels a day. 

The Transportation of Oil.^Oil was first transported in 
wagons and in boats. The railroads were laid out to Oil City 
in 1865. But in 1864 Samuel Van Syckel constructed a pipe 
line four miles in length, and the result was a change in the 
entire method of transportation. 

The Rapid Development of the Oil Industr}\ — A few weeks' 
time was often sufficient to create a centre of business activity. 
Pit Hole City was but a farmhouse in May, 1865, and by Sep- 
tember had fifteen thousand inhabitants. A refinery was 
built at Corry in 1862. There Avere great changes in the prices 
of oil. In 1859 crude oil brought ten dollars a barrel and in 
1863 ten cents, but it soon again rose rapidly in price. In 
1880 the entire production amounted to twenty-seven millions 
three hundred and thirty four thousand one hundred and 
ninety-nine barrels. In recent years the Standard Oil Com- 
pany has controlled to a great extent the oil production of 
the country. 

Natural Gas. — Natural Gas, found in association with coal- 
oil at a depth of five hundred to seven hundred feet, began to 



246 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



be used about 1870, and has furnished hght to Pittsburgh, 
Titusville, and other places. 

Portland Cement. — The manufacture of Portland cement, 
which has taken on large proportions and is rapidly growing, 
began in 1870 in a small operation by David O. Saylor, of 
Allentown. Lehigh County produces about 60 per cent, of the 
entire production of the United States. 

Early Grist, Saw, and Fulling Mills. — For the first century 
after the settlement the skill of individual artisans supplied the 
comparatively simple needs of the people. Along the streams 




PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS AT ALLENTOWN. 



mills driven by the weight and momentum of falling water 
sawed the logs, ground the flour, and fulled the woven cloth. 

Salt Manufacture. — In 1758 no salt was made in the colonies 
and this commodity was all imported. Robert Hunter Morris, 
in a petition to Parliament, offered to establish the industry in 
Pennsylvania at his own charge if he should be permitted to 
enjoy the profits for such a term of years as would compensate 
him. 

Smithies, Potteries, and Other Domestic Industries. — 
Around the iron furnace or forge could be found a blacksmith 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 



247 



shop, a country store, a pottery, and a cooper shop. The black- 
smith made the utensils which the housewife used about the 
oven and fireplace, and the implements which the good-man used 
in the hayfield and around the barn. They were expected to 
last for generations and often were ornamented and dated. 
The potter made from clay the pie- 
dishes and meat-dishes which, when 
not in use, stood on the mantel-piece in 
the kitchen or were put away in the cor- 
ner cupboard. The broom-corn growni 
in the garden found its way to the hands 
of a broom-maker, whose productions 
ran in size from a rude whisk to the 
huge broom which swept the stables. 

Weaving. — A weaver wove the linen 
for the coverlets and, receiving the round 
balls of rags cut into strips and sewn 
into lengths, made them into carpet, 
and many an urchin has lain on the 
dining-room floor to search out in the 
new carpet the remnants of the coat he 
so long wore. 

The majority of the settlers of Ger- 
manto\\Ti were weavers, and for a cen- 
tury thereafter the Germantown stockings held a place in the 
markets. 

Baron Stiegel Introduces Glass Making into America at 
Manheim, Lancaster County. — Henry William Stiegel, who is 
described in contemporary literature as a German Baron, and 
who certainly was a heroic figure, in 1757 bought a furnace in 
Lancaster County, erected in 1750, and named it Ehzabeth, in 
honor of his wife. He bought large tracts of land and founded 
the town of Manheim. Before 1768 he had begun the making 




COLONIAL LAMP. 



248 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

of glass, and established the first successful manufacture of 
glass in America. His glass, which Franklin called "& coarse 
ware," recognized by the irregularity of the lines, by its clear 




stip:gel glass. 



ring, and by the uneven fracture of the base of the piece, is now 
sought after with great zeal. 

Basket Making. — The basket-maker made baskets of rolls 
of straw bound round with strips of hickory and oak, of willow 
and of hickory, in a great variety of shapes and sizes. 

The Development of Machinery. — The great resources of 
Pennsylvania led inevitably to the development of manufac- 
tures, and with the growth of the manufactures and the in- 
troduction of machinery these tradesmen were little by little 
swept aside. The Colonial houses with high ceilings and spa- 
cious rooms of which so much is heard were the outcome 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 



249 




of a later era, with increased wealth, and were most of them 
built in the beginning of the nineteenth century. 

Importance of the Glass 
Industry. — Albert Gallatin, 
the famous Secretary of the 
Treasury, started a glass 
factory on the Mononga- 
hela River in 1787, and ten 
years later another was es- 
tablished in Pittsburgh. 
In the production of glass 
and plate-glass Pennsylva- 
nia leads all of the other 
States of the Union. In 
1904 she had invested in 
this industry $40,612,180, 
the most of it in Pitts- 
burgh, out of a total in the 
United States of $89,389,151 
manufactories in the same year eleven were in Pennsylvania. 

Baldwin Locomotive Works. — The Baldwin Locomotive 
Works in Philadelphia, estabhshed by Matthias W. Baldwin in 
1831, made the first American locomotive, and are now the 
largest in the world. Down to 1880 they had constructed two 
thousand eight hundred and sixteen locomotives, and the out- 
put has since been increased to about three a day. 

Ship-building. — Within three years after the settlement 
vessels and boats had been built in Philadelphia. Through 
the Colonial period raft ships containing as many as eight 
hundred logs each were sent to England. In 1769 twenty-two 
vessels were built. During the Revolution the beginnings of a 
navy were established on the Delaware. After that struggle 
a trade with China arose, and the ''Canton," a ship of 250 tons 



A STRAW AND HICKORY BASKET. 



Of the seventeen plate-glass 



250 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



burthen, left Philadelphia. In 1850 there were four hnes of 
vessels running between that city and Liverpool. 

The "Arctic," which Dr. EHsha Kent Kane took upon his 
expedition to the North Pole, was built in Philadelphia. Down 
to 1892 ninety-three of the vessels of the United States Navy 
had been there constructed. John Roach & Sons, at Chester, 
and William Cramp & Sons, at Philadelphia, gave a great 
impetus to American ship-building. During the Rebellion 
the latter firm built the new ''Ironsides" and later many vessels 




PLATE-GLASS WORKS AT PITTSBURGH. 



for the American and Russian navies, becoming famous over 
the world. 

Philadelphia Leads in Textile Manufactures. — In the manu- 
facture of textile goods Philadelphia is not only by far the lead- 
ing city of the United States, but also the leading city of the 
world. She produces one-tenth of all the textile goods of the 
country. In this city William Calverly in 1775 made the first 
American carpets. 

Saws and Lumber. — The Disston Saw Works include fifty- 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 



251 



seven buildings, occupying fifty acres of ground and make nine 
millions of saws in the course of a year. For a long time Penn- 
sylvania led in the production of lumber, but has of late been 
surpassed by two or three of the Western States. The centre 
of this industry was Williamsport, and the logs were drifted 
down the Susquehanna River in rafts from both of its branches. 
American Merchant.— Few men would be inclined to dis- 
pute the statement that in breadth of conception, energy of 
execution, and ultimate success no other American mer- 




AT PHILADELPHIA NAVY-YARD. 



chant has equalled John Wanamaker. He began in a one- 
story room at the Corner of Sixth and Market Streets in 
Philadelphia in 1861. The present store, twelve stories in 
height, occupies nearly a square of ground at Thirteenth be- 
tween Chestnut and Market Streets, being the largest retail 
store in the world, and employs about ten thousand persons. 
When the efforts of A. T. Stewart, who had been the leading 
New York merchant, came to disaster after his death, Wana- 



252 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

maker bought the estabUshment and built a sixteen-story struc- 
ture at Tenth Street and Broadway. He has hkewise a bureau 
in Paris and an office in London. 

Pennsylvania Inventors. — Among the great inventors of the 
world who have revolutionized industries are included General 
Benjamin Chew Tilghman, of Philadelphia, who discovered the 
process of making paper from wood pulp, Robert Fulton, of 
Lancaster County, to whom is given the crecUt for the steam- 
boat, Christopher Latham Sholes, of Montour County, who 
invented the Remington Typewriter, and Cyrus Hall McCor- 
mick, who invented the reaper which cuts the ripened grain, 
and who came of a family living along the Susquehanna. 



CHAPTER XXVI 

TRANSPORTATION 

A Moving People.— In no respect have the habits of people 
changed more in the three centuries since the Dutch first came 
to the South River than in the readiness and frequency with 
which they move themselves and their goods from place to 
place. The peasantry of Europe, both on the Continent and in 
England, were for centuries attached to the soil by habits and 
legal relations almost as closely as though the ties were physical. 
In recent times it has been no unusual thing for a Yorkshire 
farmer never to leave the farm on which he was born. Even 
to-day the traveller is impressed with the deserted condition of 
the roads of England, and with the fact that only the nobility 
and gentry seem to use them. 

Indian Trails.— When the first settlers came to the region 
which is now Pennsylvania there were Indian trails running in 
various directions throughout the country. The Indians were 
not unskilled in engineering problems, and these trails were 
generally direct, found the gaps in the mountains, and followed 
the streams. A historical map of Pennsylvania, published in 
1875, shows perhaps the most of them. One entered the State 
on the borders of Susquehanna County, followed the head- 
waters of the Susquehanna River, and thence to Conemaugh, the 
site of Johnstown. One started at Conestoga, ran to the source 
of the Conestoga Creek, then to the source of the Sankanac or 
French Creek, then to the Manayunk, now Schuylkill River, 
and ended at Coaquannock, the site of Philadelphia. 

253 



254 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 




White Settlers Use the Indian Trails. — These trails were 
helpful to the settlers, whose first means of transportation was 
the back of a horse. The horses were generally branded on the 
shoulder or buttocks with the initials of the owner or an adopted 
brand-mark. Horses were easily stolen, and in the early news- 
papers advertisements offering rewards oc- 
cur very frequently. Devices of various 
kinds to prevent such theft were adopted, 
among them an iron horse-collar which was 
fastened to the stall with a lock. The ranger 
whose duty it was to look after horses and 
cattle was a regular officer of the county. 

The First Roads. — Soon roads were laid 
out by local surveyors, and juries under the 
supervision of the Courts of Quarter Sessions 
of the different counties. The trees were cut 
down and the hills to some extent levelled 
off, but these roads were crude and rough. 
Along the main roads stones were carved 
and set up at the end of each mile to show the distance from 
Philadelphia to the nearest leading settlement. 

The Use of Waterways. — Ere long efforts were made to use 
the rivers and streams, and boats to carry produce and freight 
were built, propelled and directed by the use of poles in the 
hands of the boatmen. This led to attempts to improve the 
navigation of the streams. Rough dams were built where 
necessary to deepen the channels. In 1761 a Board of Com- 
missioners was appointed by the Assembly for ''cleaning and 
scouring" the Schuylkill River and making it passable for boats, 
flats, rafts, canoes, and other small vessels. 

The Great Number of Wagons in Colonial Times in Penn- 
sylvania. — The records show that Pennsylvania was better 
supphed with wagons than any of the other colonies. Braddock 



IRON COLLAR AND 
LOCK TO PREVENT 
HORSE STEALING. 



TRANSPORTATION 



255 



secured there for his expedition in 1755 one hundred and fifty 
wagons. In 1780 Washington made a requisition for ten hun- 
dred and sixty-six wagons from this State, in addition to those 
which had already been suppUed. Joseph Reed, who was then 
President of the State, protested, saying, ''Your Excellency 
recollects that the army has been chiefly suppUed with horses 




ON THE UPPER DELA\\'ARE. 



and wagons from this State during the war and that most of 
them now attached to the army are drawn from this State." 
He further adds that one-half of all the supplies furnished the 
army for the preceding three years came from Pennsylvania. 

The Conestoga Wagon. — The Conestoga wagon came into 
vogue about 1760, and was regarded for a long w^hile as the 
highest type of freight transportation in the country. It was 



256 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



drawn by six horses and had a curve m the bottom, which to 
some extent prevented the sUpping backward and forward of the 
contents when going over the mountains. It may ahnost be 
said to have made the settlement of the West at the time it 
occurred possible. The wagon originated, or at least received 
its name, from a valley in Lancaster County inhabited by 
German Mennonites and Amish. It was covered with canvas. 





t- ' 




^^ ^ 


m 








\ ' 




*^^ ; 





A CONESTOGA WAGON. 



Strings of bells hung upon the horses. A large wooden pot, with 
a leather thong, filled with grease for the wheels, hung upon the 
wagon. 

Vehicles in Philadelphia. — In 1761 there were only thirty- 
eight vehicles of all descriptions in Philadelphia, and in 1796 
this number had been increased to eight hundred and sixty. 

Stage Lines Established. — A line of stages connecting Phila- 
delphia and New Y^ork ran from Burlington to Amboy once a 



TRANSPORTATION 



257 



week in 1732. A line in 1766, with spring wagons called "fly- 
ing machines," made the trip twice a week. Passengers from 
Philadelphia to Baltimore in 1788 slept the first night at Chris- 
tiana Bridge and paid for their fare £1 5 s. In 1828 the "Good 
Intent" made the trip between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in 
fifty- two hours. 

Chartered Companies Build Tumpikes.^The movement 
for the construction of turnpikes began in 1792. In that year 
the Assembly chartered a company to construct an artificial 




THE PENNSYLVANIA CANAL. 



road between Philadelphia and Lancaster, and thus began the 
first turnpike of any importance in the United States. It was 
extended to the Susquehanna in 1803. Twenty years later 
eighteen hundred and seven miles of turnpike roads had been 
constructed in the State, and in 1831 Governor Wolf was able 
to inform the Legislature that there were twenty-five hundred 
miles of such roads. 

The First Canal in the United States. — A canal was projected 
to connect the waters of the Susquehanna with those of the 

17 



258 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Schuylkill as early as 1760, and two years later a committee 
of the American Philosophical Society made a survey for the 
purpose. It was laid out to run from Middletown to Reading, 
and was the first location of a canal in the United States. The 
Revolutionary War interfered and work was not commenced 
upon it until 1791. Four miles were opened in 1794, but it 
was not completed until 1827. 

The Growth of Canals. — In 1818 there were only three or 
four miles of canals in operation in the State, but the success of 
the Erie Canal in New York gave a great impetus to this kind 
of construction. The stock of the Schuylkill Navigation Com- 
pany, whose canal was completed in 1825, sold a few years later 
for three and a half times its par value. Up to the end of 1832 
480J miles of canals owned by the State had been finished. 
In 1841 they had been increased to 649 miles. Canals were 
not, however, permanently successful, and were superseded as 
carriers by the railroads. 

Tram-roads Lead to Railroads. — Railroads in America, like 
most of the other pursuits of men, even the most important, 
began in a very small way. In 1801 Thomas Leiper built at the 
Bull's Head Tavern, at Third and Callowhill Streets, in Phila- 
delphia, what was called a tram-road, twenty-one yards long, 
and by horse-power hauled over it a car containing ten thousand 
six hundred and ninety-six pounds of material. In 1809 John 
Thomson, the father of John Edgar Thomson, who became 
President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, built for 
Thomas Leiper a tram-road sixty yards long, and as this was 
successful, Leiper built another a mile long from Crum Creek 
to Ridley Creek in Delaware County. In 1818 a like road was 
made for transporting ore and iron at Bear Creek furnace in 
Armstrong County. On all of these horse-power was used. 
These primitive roads led up to the modern railroad and the 
locomotive. 



TRANSPORTATION 



259 



The First Railroad in Pennsylvania. — On March 21, 1823, a 
charter was granted for building a railroad from Philadelphia 
to Columbia. This road, eighty-one miles in length, was com- 
pleted in 1834 and was then regarded as a great engineering 
triumph, and communication betAveen Philadelphia and Pitts- 
burgh by railroad and canal was opened. 

Many Railroad Companies Organized.— By the close of the 
year 1830 twenty-eight charters for railroads had been granted. 




ROCKS AT HUNTINGDON. 



In 1836 there were in the State 188i miles of railroad in opera- 
tion. They belonged to fourteen different companies, and 
among them were the Philadelphia, GermantoAAm, and Norris- 
town, the Mauch Chunk, the West Chester, and the Little 
Schuylkill roads. In addition the State owned 118 miles of 
railroad. 



260 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

The Present Three Great Railroad Systems. — At the present 
time there are three great systems of raihoads which have rami- 
fied in many directions and accumulated vast capital, and which 
have been the outgrowth of the development of the interests 
of this State. The Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company, 
primarily a road for the carrying of coal, was incorporated in 
1833, and now operates over a thousand miles of road. After 
many vicissitudes of fortune it is now reaping great prosperity, 
due to the conceptions of the brilliant Franklin B. Gowen in 
the past and the energy and capacity of George F. Baer in the 
present. 

The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, also organized as a 
coal road, was incorporated in 1846, and now operates with its 




THE HORSESHOE, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 

extensions and the lines it controls about fourteen hundred miles 
of railroad. The principal figure connected with this road and 
responsible for its growth was the late Asa Packer. 

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, one of the most ex- 
tended in its lines, most important in its work, and most effi- 
cient in its management to be found in the world, was incor- 
porated in 1846. Nothing has been able to thwart its progress. 
It has tunnelled rivers, climbed mountains, and crossed with 
its extensions the continent from ocean to ocean. It has had 
an exceptionally able succession of Presidents, including John 



TRANSPORTATION 261 

Edgar Thomson, Thomas A. Scott, and Alexander J. Cassatt, 
and it is one of the provisions of its charter that every 
member of its Board of Directors must be a citizen of 
Pennsylvania. 

Jay Cooke, of Philadelphia, Finances the Northern Pacific 
Railroad. — The Northern Pacific Railroad, the earliest effort 
to reach the Pacific Ocean from the East and to connect the 
Western Border with the Atlantic States, owes it origin to Jay 
Cooke, of Philadelphia, the financier of the War of the Rebelhon. 
When the plan was first broached all financial men regarded it 
as visionary, and after it succeeded all followed in the wake. 

The Development of City Street Railways and Rural Trolley 
Systems.— During the first half of the nineteenth century 
omnibuses and stages drawn by two horses furnished the trans- 
portation for persons going from place to place in our large 
cities. In 1857 the Fifth and Sixth Streets Passenger Rail- 
way Company started a line of street cars on the streets of 
Philadelphia. The precedent was soon followed on other streets 
and in other cities. At first and for many years the cars were 
drawn by horses. Various devices to supply power were tried, 
including underground cables. Now street cars are everywhere 
run by electricity supphed by overhead or underground wires. 

In the present period trolley lines are being extended out 
into the rural districts and have been given the right to carry 
freight, and, to the more prosperous, automobiles furnish in- 
dividual transportation. 



CHAPTER XXVII 
EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 

The Pennsylvania Idea. — It may be said with truth that the 
Baptists, who under the lead of Roger Williams settled Rhode 
Island, and the Quaker followers of Penn were the only Ameri- 
can colonists who founded colonies to escape religious oppres- 
sion, and were sufficiently enlightened to accord to others the 
religious liberty they claimed for themselves. Around the 
dome of the Capitol at Harrisburg is written the prophecy of 
WiUiam Penn, ''And my God will make it the seed of a nation." 
His inspiration has found fulfilment. When there was written 
into the Constitution of the United States that "Congress shall 
make no law respecting an establishment of religion or pro- 
hibiting the free exercise thereof," and that principle was ac- 
cepted by the other colonies and embodied in their State Con- 
stitutions, they had abandoned their own conceptions of the 
province of government and were converted to those of Penn- 
sylvania. 

Dutch Reformed on the Delaware. — The Dutch who first 
settled upon the Delaware River were, for the most part, Dutch 
Reformed or Calvinists, but among them was one colony of 
Mennonites, at the Hoorn Kill. The Swedes who came later 
were, in the main, the followers of Luther. 

The Quakers in Philadelphia and Vicinity. — The Quakers 
who founded the colony in 1682, and maintained control of the 
government of the province down to the time of the Revolu- 
tion, occupied the three counties of Philadelphia, including 
what is now Montgomery, Chester, including what is now Dela- 

262 



EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 



263 



ware, and Bucks. Though they extended into other counties 
and were to be found over the State, they nowhere else consti- 
tuted a majority of the residents. 

Mennonites at Germantown and on the Skippack. — Most of 
the Welsh immigrants were Quakers, and among the Welsh 
the Baptist Church in the province took its origin. Almost 
at the same time with the Quakers a number of Mennonite 
families, consisting of thirty-three persons, some of whom may 
have been affected by the Quaker doctrines before their immi- 
gration, formed the settlement at Germantown. They built 
a log meeting-house in 1708, and another at Skippack in 1725. 




MENNONITE MEETING-HOUSE, GERMANTOWN. 



The German Pietists on the Wissahickon. — In 1694 a num- 
ber of Pietists, among whom wTre Johannes Kelpius, the hermit 
of the Wissahickon, and Henry Bernhaid Koster, a very learned 
man, who had translated the Septuagint version of the Scrip- 
tures, came to the Wissahickon, and became known as ''The 
Society of the Woman of the Wilderness." When Kelpius 
came to die the story of King Arthur, Sir Bedivere, and the 
Sword Excalibur w^as repeated in events along the Schuylkill. 
This society built a monastery of stone upon the Wissahickon 
in 1734, 



264 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Mennonites and Amish in Lancaster County. — Mennonites 
from the Palatinate, the Upper Rhine, and from Switzerland 
occupied the rich lands along the Conestoga in Lancaster 
County in 1710, and made of that county the richest agricultural 
region in the United States. To the same locality came later the 
Amish followers of Jacob Ammen, a Swiss, who made a schism 
among the Mennonites to enforce a more strict discipline. 
They wear long beards, fasten their coats with hooks and eyes, 
and lay great stress upon the ''Ban," or shunning of those who 
have transgressed. Among these people a hymn-book is still 
in use the hymns of which narrate in detail the martyrdom 
of their ancestors by fire and sword. 

Baptists in Bucks County.— Thomas Dungan, a Baptist 
preacher from Rhode Island, came to Pennsylvania about 1684 
and estabhshed a small congregation of that sect at Cold Spring, 

in Bucks County, which 
kept together for eight- 
een years and then per- 
ished. The oldest exist- 
ing Baptist Church in 
the State is that organ- 
ized by a few Welsh 
immigrants at Penny- 
pack in 1687. Twenty 
years later they built 
a stone church. Elias 
Keach, the first pastor, 
began to preach in pre- 
tence, but succeeded in 
converting himself, con- 
fessed in tears his impos- 
ture, and thereafter took charge of the congregation until 1692. 
The Baptist movement received a great impulse from the Keith 




GREAT VALLEY BAPTLST CHL'KCH. 



EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 



265 



schism among the Quakers, and those who went off with Keith 
were known as Keithian Baptists. Among them was Thomas 
Rutter, the blacksmith, who started making iron as has been 
before told, and he baptized a number of persons. The church 
in the Chester Valley was built in 1722. Ebenezer Kinnersley, 
who had the assistance of Franklin in his electrical experiments, 
a professor in the College now the University of Pennsylvania, 
was a Baptist. 




ST. DAVID'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 

The Episcopalians in Philadelphia and Vicinity.— While 
there may have been a few members of the Church of England 
in the province from the beginning of the settlement, the or- 
ganization of that Church also had its rise in the difficulties 
among the Quakers which were the outcome of the controversy 
with George Keith. Many of those who had been converted 
to Quakerism in England, and with him later separated from 
the Meeting, returned to the religious associations of their early 



266 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

life. Christ Church, in Philadelphia, was built in 1695 and 
was regarded as an imposing building. It cost over £600. 
Evan Evans became the first rector in 1700. The most con- 
spicuous persons among the members were Jasper Yeates, 
Joshua Carpenter, Colonel Robert Quarry, the Judge of the 
Admiralty Court, and John Moore, the Advocate of that Court. 
The Welsh settlers in Chester County established St. David's 
Church at Radnor, about which Longfellow wrote a beautiful 
poem and in whose yard Anthony WajTie was buried, in 1700. 
About the same time, certainly before 1708, Edward Lane, one 
of the seceders from the Quakers with Keith, founded St. 
James, on the Perkiomen. This church still has its old altar 
table of walnut wood and the prayer-book and Bible sent over 
by the society for the propagation of the gospel in 1723. Many 
Revolutionary soldiers are buried in its church-yard. Other 
early churches were those at Oxford, Chester, and White Marsh. 
The first General Convention to organize the church throughout 
the country was held in Philadelphia in 1785 under the aus- 
pices of Bishop William White, who presided. 

Presbyterians in Philadelphia and Westward. — The main 
sources from which arose the Presbyterian Church in Penns}^- 
vania and, in fact, in the United States were the German 
Calvinists, who in 1710 began to arrive in New York, and thence 
followed the Susquehanna into Pennsylvania; the Scotch-Irish, 
who came in large numbers from the north of Ireland from about 
the year 1730, and settled the interior valleys and mountain 
regions of the State, and an infusion into its central part of 
Puritans from New England. Francis Makemie, an Irishman, 
as early as 1692 preached in a loft over the Barbados warehouse 
at the Northwest Corner of Second and Chestnut Streets, 
Philadelphia. The first regular Pastor was Jedediah Andrews, 
who in 1698 preached alternately to Presbyterians and Baptists. 
In 1705 seven preachers created the first Presbytery. In 



EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 



267 



1788 was held the first Geiieml Assembly of the Church in 
America, and it met in Philadelphia. The Log College, founded 
in 1725, educated the preachers, among them Gilbert and Wil- 
liam Tennent, and paved the way for Prmceton University and 
other colleges throughout the country. 

A Great Preacher of Colonial Times. — The coming of George 
Whitefield, the most noted preacher of his time, to America 
m 1738 was an mipressive event. His powerful voice could be 




BUILDINGS OF THE BUNKERS AT EPIIRATA. 



heard in the city from Sixth Street to "the Delaware River. 
He preached at Neshaminy, Skippack, and o^bher places. 

Dunkers at Germantown and Ephrata. — The Dunkers came 
to Germanto^vn w^ith Alexander Mack m 1719. TJiey are dis- 
tinguished from the other German peace sects in the fact that 
they believe in unmersion and that the ceremony should be 
performed three times. They have proved to be an energetic 
proselyting sect and have steadily grown in numbers. To them 



268 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

we owe the very early and prolific printiAg-presses of German- 
town and Ephrata, the literature of wliich marks an epoch in 
American life. When the War of the RebeUion closed they did 
a work of signal significance and piety by sending to the im- 
poverished Rebels of the Shenandoah Valley the seed wheat 
necessary to sow their fields. 

Schwenkfelders in Montgomery County.— The Schwenkfel- 
ders were the forerunners of the Quakers. Caspar Schwenk- 
feld, of Silesia, preached in 1523 the doctrines accepted by 
George Fox in 1648. They came to Pennsylvania in 1734, 
bringuT^ with them their sixteenth century volumes of litera- 
ture, which were here often reproduced in neatly written manu- 
scripts. In the year of their arrival they estabhshed a '^Gedacht- 
nis Tag," or Thanksgiving Day, and have maintained it ever 
since. Among their descendants are John F. Hartranft, 
Major-general and Governor, and Christopher Heydrick of the 
Supreme Court, and of late years they have estabhshed the 
thrifty Perkiomen Seminary. 

Lutherans in Montgomery County. — The Lutheran faith was 
first pronounced ui America by the Swedes. Daniel Falckner, 



'j(:?LcV 



AUTOGRAPH. OF DANIEL FALCKNER. 

who later wrote a descriptive book about the country, came to 
Germantown in 1694, and was a Lutheran. A church was es- 
tabhshed at Falckner 's Swamp, in Montgomery County, in 1703. 
The authorities at Halle, Germany, sent Henry Melchior 
Muhlenberg to Pennsylvania in 1742, and he spent his hfe in 
the organization of the Church and the broadening of its influ- 
ence. He lived at the Trappe, in Montgomery County, and the 
church, built there in 1743, is stiU piously preserved in its orig- 




EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 



269 




LUTHERAN CHURCH AT THE TRAPPE. 



inal condition. The reports he sent to Halle and there printed 
supply much early original information. 

Dutch Reformed in Bucks and Montgomery Counties. — 
Paul Van Vlecq was the pastor of a Dutch Reformed Church 
at Neshaminy in Bucks County in 1710, and from there came 
to Skippack to baptize 
a number of people. 
The same year Samuel 
Guldin, a Reformed 
preacher from Switzer- 
land, came to Pennsj-l- 
vania, and later here 
wrote a book against 
the Moravians. The 
Church, however, in 
this State may claim 
as its founder John Philip Boehm, who in 1725 preached at 
Falckner's Swamp, Skippack, and White Marsh. 

He, too, wrote a book against the Moravians, pubHshed by 
Andrew Bradford. His most prominent and efficient successors 
were George Michael Weiss and Michael Schlatter, the latter 
of whom sent reports to Holland gathered into a volume. 

Moravians in Northampton County. — A remnant of the 
Moravians who had tried to form a settlement in Georgia came 
to Northampton County in Pennsylvania in 1740. Two years 
later Count Ludwig Von Zinzendorf, the head of the Church, 
joined them and founded Nazareth and Bethlehem. He held 
several conferences in an effort to unite the different churches 
of the province, but this proved to be impracticable. The 
Moravians had great influence over the Indians, and may be 
said to be the only one of the Protestant sects which succeeded 
in converting the heathen. They produced nmch literature 
and were leaders in education and musical instruction. 



270 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



Methodists in Philadelphia and Elsewhere. — Captain Thomas 
Webb, a soldier who had lost an eye under Wolfe at Quebec, 
preached a Methodist sermon in Philadelphia in 1767 or 1768. 
A church, bought from the Reformed, became a Methodist 
Church in 1770 and was called St. George. Three years later 
there were one hundred and eighty members in that city. 
Neither John Wesley nor Francis Asbury, who became the first 
American Bishop, intended to form a new Church, and began 
with the use of a prayer-book, but events proved to be too 
strong for them. The Methodists have rapidly grown to be 
one of the most numerous and influential of American churches. 




ST. GEUKGE S M. E. C^HURCH, PHILADELPHIA. 



Mittelberger, writing in 1754, names fifteen different sects 
then in Pennsylvania whose presence was due to the breadth 
and liberality of Penn, and still did not succeed in naming them 
all. 

Catholics in Pennsylvania. — Mass was celebrated in Phila- 
delphia in 1707, and one of the accusations against Penn in 
England was that he permitted what was termed a scandal. 
Some of the Catholics in Maryland, to avoid maltreatment, 
moved to Pennsylvania. A chapel was erected near Nicetown 



EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 



271 



in 1729. There were Catholics among the German immigrants 
and some in Lancaster. John Royall, born in 1729, was the 
first native to become a priest. Father Greaton, a Jesuit, 
established a congregation in Philadelphia in 1740, and a few 
years later two German Jesuits from the Rhine labored among 
the Germans. In 1741, when Father Theodore Schneider be- 
gan his career here, there were Cathohcs in Philadelphia and 




ST. Mary's catholic church, philadklfhia. 
(Founded 1763.) 



at several places in Montgomery and Berks counties. As late 
as 1844 many of the Catholic churches in Philadelphia were 
burned by mobs, requiring the calling out of the militia. In 
recent years the membership of the Church has much in- 
creased in numbers and influence. No man was more highly 
esteemed than Archbishop Patrick John Ryan. 



CHAPTER XXVIII 
ROMANCE 

The Romance of the Settlement. — Pennsylvania has been so 
conspicuous in the developmen,t of American hfe for her re- 
sources, her prosperity, and her many achievements in war and 
statecraft that to a certain extent the romantic and attractive 
features of her growth have been obscured and neglected. They 
are worthy of more attention than this brief chapter can give 
them. The attempt to transport a sect of people across the 
seas to a wild land, where a colony should be founded based 
upon the principles of equal privileges and universal toleration, 
and where the hostility of the savages, who hunted through the 
woods and met their foes with scalping-knives in their hands, 
was to be overcome not with firearms, as in Mexico and in 
New England, but by the exercise of kindness, has a dramatic 
interest which strongly appeals to the imagination. It was 
indeed a ''holy experiment," and it succeeded. The province 
became, in truth, ''the seed of a nation," and the Indians came 
to regard Penn as Brother Onas and a friend. He was the 
only founder of a colony in America who won their permanent 
regard. When the French exiles were driven out of Grand Pre 
in Canada they did not rest until they had reached Philadel- 
phia, and the tragic scenes of "Evangeline" depicted by Long- 
fellow close in a hospital in that city. 

The Story of James Annesley.— On April 18, 1728, the good 
ship "James," of Dublin, Thomas Hendry master, set sail for 
Philadelphia. On board were a number of redemptionists 

272 



ROMANCE 273 

to be sold as servants for their passage money and expenses, 
and among them was a boy then about eleven years of age. He 
was sold to a farmer in Lancaster County and there he grew to 
manhood. His name was James Annesley. His mother died 
when he was an infant, and his father, the Earl of Anglesea, the 
owner of vast estates, married again, and soon after also died. 
His uncle seized the estates, claimed the title, and sent him 
across the seas to perish or grow up in obscurity. When 
Admiral Vernon came to this country with his fleet Annesley 
was found on the farm and taken back to England. There he 
brought an action of ejectment and recovered a judgment. It 
is one of the most famous of English trials. Its incidents form 
the groundwork for Smollett's novel of ''Peregrine Pickle,'^ 
Charles Reade's "Wandering Heir," and Sir Walter Scott's 
"Guy Mannering." This is not the only instance of Pennsyl- 
vania influence upon the "Waverly Novels" of Scott. He had 
heard much of the beauty and attractiveness of Rebecca Gratz, 
of Philadelphia, and introduced her into his novel of "Ivanhoe" 
in the character of Rebecca the Jewess. 

Indian Atrocities and Famous Indian Fighters. — The strug- 
gles with the Indians along the border, after the many wars had 
begun, were replete with incidents which would give a vivid color 
to any narrative describing them. Many tragic events marked 
their course, among them the massacre at Wyoming, which 
led Campbell to write his poem "Gertrude of Wyoming," and 
the massacre of the friendly Conestoga Indians in the jail at 
Lancaster by the Paxton Boys. Daniel Boone, the most heroic 
figure in Kentucky annals, whose statue is set in the Capitol 
at Washington, and who is referred to by Byron in "Childe 
Harold," Lewis Wetzel, the desperate Indian fighter of Western 
Virginia, and Simon Girty, the renegade who took part with 
the British and the savages and witnessed the burning of 
Colonel Crawford — were all born in Pennsylvania. 

18 



274 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



The Story of Captain Samuel Brady. — Captain Samuel Brady, 
who has been called the hero of Western Pennsylvania and 
whose fame for adventure is kept alive in all the literature of 
the West, was bom in Shippensburg. He took part in the 
War of the Revolution, saved the life of Colonel Edward Hand 
at Princeton, was wounded at Brando-wine, and at Paoli had his 
coat pinned fast by a British bayonet, but tore out the piece 
and escaped. His father and brother were killed by the In- 
dians, and he spent the rest of his hf e in hunting the perpetrators 




A PENNSYLVANIA STREAM. 



down and seeking vengeance. His adventures and escapades 
were many and thrilling. On one occasion, dressed and painted 
as an Indian and scouring the distant forests, he met a chief 
and his party returning from the war-path, having Jenny 
Stupes and her baby thrown across the horse he was riding. 
Brady shot and killed the chief and, though fired at by the 
Indians, succeeded in escaping with the woman and child. 

The Story of Mrs. Bozarth.— A Mrs. Bozarth, living along 
Dunker Creek in Westmoreland County, was startled one day 
by her children running into the house with the cry that there 



ROMANCE 275 

were ''ugly red men outside." There were two white men in 
the house, but before they could get the door closed one of them 
was shot. An Indian forced his way inside. Mrs. Bozarth 
picked up an axe lying by the fireplace, killed three Indians with 
it, and finally got the door closed in safety. 

The Story of Frances Slocum. — In the year 1778 the Indians 
carried off from Wilkes-Barre a little girl five years of age, 
named Frances Slocum. Nothing was heard of her for sixty 
years afterward, and then she was found the wife of a chief, a 
mother and a grandmother, in a wig\vam among the Miamis in 
Western Indiana. She had forgotten the English language and 
her name, but remembered some of the incidents and localities 
of her childhood and showed the thumb which her little brother 
had crushed with a hatchet. She had become an Indian in 
thought and feeling and refused to return to her relatives. 

Stories of Freebooters and Robbers. — The deeds of the seven 
Doane brothers of Bucks County, who at the time of the Revo- 
lution rode to and fro far and wide across the country; of Captain 
Joseph Richardson, who lived along the Schuylkill and in folk 
tales is associated with them ; of James Fitzpatrick, the gentle- 
man robber of Chester County, finally betrayed by a woman, and 
of Elisha Bowen, a popular preacher at the beginning of the 
nineteenth century, whose method of proceeding was to build 
up a congregation, marry a girl, and then steal a horse and ride 
off to repeat the operation elsewhere — are as full of dramatic 
interest as anything which occurred upon Exmoor or attracted 
the attention of the author of ''Lorna Doone." 

The Story of Tacy Richardson. — Tacy Richardson, daughter 
of the captain who has just been mentioned, owned a favorite 
riding horse of good blood. The British Army on their way to 
Philadelphia carried it ofT with them. She followed them to 
Philadelphia and found it in a pound surrounded by a high fence. 
The British officer in charge told her in a spirit of banter that 



276 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

she could have it again if she could get it out of the pound. She 
mounted the horse, patted his flanks, leaped the fence, and away. 
The troopers chased her as far as Levering's Mill. She lost 
her comb, her hair flew in the wind, but she came home with 
the horse. 

Romantic Incidents. — The shooting of Braddock by Thomas 
Fausett, one of his own men; the burning of Kittanning by 
Colonel John Armstrong; the bringing in of the captives by the 
Indians to Bouquet at Pittsburgh and Carlisle; the driving of 
the tea-ship out of the Delaware River; the deed of the youth 
who rode through the Rebel Army before Gettysburg and 
brought the news of the advance of the Army of the Potomac to 
Governor Curtin at Harrisburg; the putting of a Pennsylvanian 
at the head of the Army of the Potomac only four days before 
the battle which crushed the Rebellion — are all events which 
appeal to the imagination. 

The Story of **Molly Pitcher."— ''Molly Pitcher" was a native 
of Carlisle. Her husband entered the service as an artillery- 
man and she followed him, as Katharine, Empress of Russia, 
followed her Swedish husband to Turkey, into the war. At 
Monmouth he was killed. Then she fought the gun to the end 
of the battle and won that illusive reward called fame. 

The Story of Lydia Darragh. — Lydia Darragh, a Quakeress in 
Philadelphia, overheard the British officers then in occupation 
of the city discussing the plans for attacking Washington. 
Under pretence of going to the mill she trudged through the 
snow to White Marsh and gave warning of the intended move- 
ment. When it was made the Americans were found prepared 
and the battle at White Marsh was an American success. 

The Story of the Accursed Mill. — Rowland Richards, from 
the Chester Valley, had a grist-mill in 1732 at the mouth of the 
French Creek where Phoenix ville now stands, and he cut paths 
through the woods putting up signs ''R. R. M." He failed and 



ROMANCE 277 

his goods were sold by the sheriff. His wife fell on her knees 
by the roadside and cursed the mill and all who might possess it. 
Through the century one disaster followed another. The mill 
became part of the iron tract and every attempt to build up 
slitting mills and nail factories ended in failure. In 1839 it 
was used as a dwelling. A great flood that year tore it out to its 
foundation, and all of the occupants except one little girl, 
whom the villagers saved, were drowned. The man at the 
head of the household clung for hours to a buttonwood tree in 
the Schuylkill, but finally dropped into the river and disap- 
peared. Years later the tree was struck by lightning and 
burned to the ground. Then the iron industry of Phoenix ville 
prospered. 

The Story of James Gibbons at Stony Point. — In 1779 
Anthony Wayne, with 1500 men, captured the British force of 
600 in the fort upon the crest at Stony Point by assault. It was 
the most brilliant event of the Revolutionary War. Wayne, ex- 
pecting to be killed, sent his watch home and wrote to a friend 
to look after his children. The assault was led by twenty-one 
men, called the 'Torlorn Hope," at the head of whom was a 
young lieutenant named James Gibbons, from Philadelphia. 
When he had crossed the swamp at the foot of the mount, and 
an abattis, and another abattis, and climbed the wall of the 
fort, and looked into the eyes of the British garrison, seventeen 
of these men had been shot. Not the Greek who defended the 
pass at Thermopylae or the mountaineer of the Tyrol, who 
gathered the spears into his bosom, is more deserving of eternal 
fame. 



CHAPTER XXIX 



POETRY 



A Pennsylvanian Who Wrote Songs for the World. — It is 

impossible to separate history from verse. All of the earhest 
annals of nations begin with ballads preserved in the memories 
of bards. Had it not been for Homer we should have known 
nothing of the Trojan wars. "Suwanee River," ''My Old 




BIRTHPLACE OF STEPHEN C. FOSTER. 

Kentucky Home," and other songs, giving expression with sym- 
pathy and pathos to the feeling of the South and everywhere 
sung, were written by Stephen C. Foster, of Pittsburgh. 

A Pennsylvania Scholar's Friendly Letter. — There are cer- 
tain poems which are distinctively Pennsylvanian and, repre- 

278 



POETRY 279 

senting the spirit of their time as no narrative does, they must 
be read and studied. Pastorius expressed the learning of the 
settlers of the province when he wrote among others this Latin 
verse as a letter to an old friend: 

DE MUNDI VANITATE 

Vale mundi genebundi colorata Gloria 

Tua bona, tua dona, sperno transitoria 

Quae externe, hodierne, splendent pulchra facie 

Cras vanescunt et liquescunt sicut sol in glacie. 

Quid sunt Reges? quorum leges terror sunt mortalibus 

Multi locis atque focis latent, infernalibus. 

Ubi vani crine cani Maximi Pontifices? 

Quos honorant et adorant cardinales supplices. 

Quid periti? 'Eruditi sunt doctores artium 

Quid sunt harum, vel illarum studiosi partium? 

Ubi truces, belli duces? Capita militiae? 

Quos ascendit et defendit rabies saevitiae. 

Tot et tanti, quanti quanti, umbra sunt et vanitas, 

Omnium horum nam decorum brevis est inanitas. 

Qui vixerunt, abierunt, restant sola nomina, 

Tanquam stata atque rata nostrae sortis omina. 

Fuit Cato, fuit Plato, Cyrus, Croesus, Socrates, 

Periander, Alexander, Xerxes, et Hippocrates, 

Maximinus, Constantinus, Gyges, Anaxagoras, 

Epicurus, Palinurus, Daemonax, Pythagoras, 

Caesar fortis, causa mortis tot altarum partium, 

Ciceronem et Nasonem nil juvabat artium. 

Sed hos cunctos jam defunctos tempore praeterito, 

Non est e re recensere. Hinc concludo merito 

Qui nunc degunt, atque regunt orbem hujus seculi, 

Mox sequentur et labentur, velut schema speculi. 

Et dum mersi universi sunt in mortis gremium, 

Vel infernum, vel aeternum sunt capturi proemium. 

Hincce Dei Jesu mei invoco clementiam, 

Ut is sursum, cordis cursum ducet ad essentiam, 

Trinitatis, quae beatis summam dat laetitiam. 



^^^^^^Cij iW/w>C^fW^>4^' 



280 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

A Revolutionary War Poem.— When the British were in 
Philadelphia and had their fleet on the Delaware the Americans 
sent some kegs charged with gunpowder floating down the 
stream in an effort to destroy the vessels. The British opened 
fire. Francis Hopkinson, signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, then wrote this ballad: 



THE BATTLE OF THE KEGS 

Gallants attend and hear a friend 
Trill forth harmonious ditty, 
Strange things I'll tell which late befell 
In Philadelphia City. 

'Twas early day as poets say, 
Just when the sun was rising, 
A soldier stood on a log of wood 
And saw a thing surprising. 

As in a maze he stood to gaze, 
The truth can't be denied, sir. 
He spied a score of kegs or more 
Come floating down the tide, sir. 

A sailor, too, in jerkin blue 
This strange appearance viewing, 
First rubbed his eyes in great surprise 
Then said: "Some mischief's brewing. 

'These kegs I'm told the Rebels hold 
Packed up like pickled herring; 
And they're come down t'attack the town 
In this new way of ferrying." 

The soldier flew, the sailor too, 
And scared almost to death. Sir, 
Wore out their shoes to spread the news 
And ran till out of breath. Sir. 



POETRY 281 



Now up and down throughout the town, 
Most frantic scenes were acted; 
And some ran here and others there 
Like men ahnost distracted. 

Some "Fire!" cried, which some denied, 
But said the earth had quaked; 
And girls and boys with hideous noise 
Ran through the streets haK naked. 

Sir William, he, snug as a flea, 
Lay all this time a' snoring 
Nor thought of harm as he lay warm 
The land of dreams exploring. 

Now in a fright he starts upright 
Awaked by such a clatter; 
He rubs both eyes and boldly cries 
Tor God's sake what's the matter?" 



At his bedside he then espied 
Sir Erskine at command, Sir, 
Upon one foot he had one boot 
And the other in his hand. Sir. 

"Arise, arise!" Sir Erskine cries, 
"The Rebels, more's the pity, 
Without a boat are all afloat 
And ranged before the city. 

"The motley crew, in vessels new, 
With Satan for their guide, Sir, 
Packed up in bags or wooden kegs 
Come driving down the tide. Sir. 

"Therefore prepare for bloody war, 
These kegs must all be routed. 
Or surely we despised shall be 
And British courage doubted." 



282 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

The Royal Band now ready stand 
All ranged in dread array, Sir, 
With stomachs stout to see it out 
And make a bloody day, Sii\ 

The cannons roar from shore to shore 
The small arms make a rattle — 
Since wars began I'm sure no man 
E'er saw so strange a battle. 

The Rebel dales, the Rebel vales 
With Rebel trees surrounded, 
The distant woods, the hills and floods 
With Rebel echoes sounded. 

The fish below swam to and fro 
Attacked from every quarter; 
Why sure, thought they, the Devil's to pay 
'Mongst folks above the water. 



The kegs, 'tis said, though strongly made 
Of Rebel staves and hoops, Sir, 
Could not oppose their powerful foes, 
The conquering British troops. Sir. 

From morn to night these men of might 
Displayed amazing courage. 
And when the sun was fairly down 
Returned to sup their porridge. 

An hundred men with each a pen 
Or more upon my word, Sir, 
It is most true, would be too few, 
Their valor to record, Sir. 



Such feats did they perform that day 
Against those wicked kegs. Sir, 
That years to come, if they get home, 
They'll make their boasts and brag, Sir, 



POETRY 



283 



The Pennsylvania Pastor-Colonel.— Peter Muhlenberg, born 
and buried at the Trappe, who had been educated at Halle, was 
the pastor of a Lutheran Church in the Shenandoah Valley. 
At the outset of the Revolution he one day preached a sermon, 
and then, throwing off his robe, displayed a uniform and called 




THOMAS BUCHANAN READ. 

on his congregation to enlist. In the ''Wagoner of the Alle- 
ghanies" Thomas Buchanan Read depicted the scene: 

The pastor rose. The prayer was strong. 
The Psahn was warrior David's song. 
The text, a few short words of might, 
"The Lord of Hosts shall arm the Right." 
He spoke of ^Tongs too long endured, 
Of sacred rights to be secured; 
Then from his patriot tongue of flame 
The starthng words for Freedom came. 
The stirring sentences he spake 
Compelled the heart to glow or quake, 
And rising on his theme's broad wing, 
And grasping in his nervous hand 
The imaginary battle brand, 
In face of Death he dared to fling 
Defiance to a t\Tant king. 



284 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Even as he spoke his frame renewed 

In eloquence of attitude, 

Rose, as it seemed, a shoulder higher; 

Then swept his kindling glance of fire 

From startled pews to breathless choir; 

When suddenly his mantle wide 

His hands impatient flung aside, 

And lo! He met their wondering eyes 

Complete in all a warrior's guise. 



And now before the open door — 
The warrior-priest had ordered so — 
The enlisting trumpet's sudden roar 
Rang through the chapel, o'er and o'er, 
Its long reverberating blow. 
So loud and clear, it seemed the ear 
Of dusty death must wake and hear. 
And there the startling drum and fife 
Fired the living with fiercer life; 
While overhead, with wild increase. 
Forgetting its ancient toll of peace. 
The great bell swung as ne'er before: 
It seemed as it would never cease; 
And every word its ardor flung 
From off its jubilant iron tongue 
Was, "War! War! War! War!" 



A Pennsylvania Cavalry Charge.— At the battle of Chancel- 
lorsville the march of Stonewall Jackson^s command across the 
front of the Union Army was heard, and Colonel Pennock Huey, 
a Philadelphian, Colonel of the Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 
ordered his men to " Draw sabre and charge." They rode 
through the Confederate Army and those left alive returned. 
It was " a desperate charge, completely checking the enemy." 
Of the four commissioned officers who were in the lead Major 
Keenan and two others were killed, and the horse ridden by 
the fourth was killed. It was one of the most heroic events of 



POETRY 285 

the war. Keenan rode to death and eternal fame. George 
Parsons Lathrop of Boston, assistant editor of the "Atlantic 
Monthly/' wrote the lyric which tells their tale: 

KEENAN'S CHARGE 

By the shrouded gleam of the Western skies 
Brave Keenan looked in Pleasonton's eyes 
For an instant clear and cool and still; 
Then, with a smile, he said: "I will." 
"Cavalry, charge!'' Not a man of them shrank. 
Their sharp full cheer from rank on rank 
Rose joyously with a wilhng breath, 
Rose like a greeting hail to Death. 
Then forward they sprang and spurred and clashed. 
Shouted the officers crimson sashed. 
Rode well the men each brave as his fellow. 
In their faded coats of the blue and yellow. 
And above in the air with an instinct true 
Like a bird of war their pennon flew. 
With clank of scabbards and thunder of steeds, 
And blades that shine hke sunht reeds, 
And strong brown faces bravely pale 
For fear their proud attempt shall fail 
Three hundred Pennsylvanians close 
On twice ten thousand gallant foes. 
Line after line the troopers came 

To the edge of the wood that was ringed with flame. 
Rode in and sabred and shot and fell, 
Nor came one back his wounds to tell. 



Over them now year following year. 

Over their graves the pine cones fall, 

And the whippoorwill chants his spectre call. 

But they stir not again, they raise no cheer: 

They have ceased. But their glory shall never cease 

Nor their light be quenched in the light of peace. 

The rush of their charge is resounding still 

That saved the army at Chancellorsville. 



286 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Bayard Taylor's Best-known Poem. — During the war between 




EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF BAYARD TAYLOR. 

(Never before used.) 

Russia, on the one hand, and Turkey, France, and England, on 
the other, in the Crimea, Bayard Taylor wrote: 

THE SONG OF THE CAMP 

"Give us a song," the soldiers cried, 
The outer trenches guarding, 
When heated guns of the camps allied 
Grew weary of bombarding. 

The dark Redan in silence scofT 

Lay grim and threatening under; 
And the tawny mound of the Malakoff 

No longer belched its thunder. 

There was a pause. A guardsman said, 

"We storm the forts to-morrow; 
Sing while we may, another day 

Will bring enough of sorrow." 



POETRY 287 

They lay along the batteries' side, 

Below the smoking cannon: 
Brave hearts from Severn and from Clyde 

And from the banks of Shannon. 

They sang of love and not of fame; 

Forgot was Britain's glory; 
Each heart recalled a different name, 

But all sang "Annie Laurie." 

Voice after voice caught up the song, 

Until its tender passion 
Rose like an anthem rich and strong, 

Their battle eve confession. 

Dear girl her name he dared not speak, 

But as the song grew louder 
Something upon the soldier's cheek 

Washed off the stains of powder. 

Beyond, the darkening ocean burned 

The bloody sunset's embers, 
While the Crimean valleys learned 

How English love remembers. 

And once again a fire of Hell 

Rained on the Russian quarters, 
With scream of shot and burst of shell 

And bellowing of the mortars. 

And Irish Nora's eyes are dim 

For a singer dumb and gory. 
And English Mary mourns for him 

Who sang of "Annie Laurie." 

Sleep, soldiers! Still in honored rest 

Your truth and valor wearing: 
The bravest are the tenderest. 

The loving are the daring. 

A Pennsylvania War Lyric. — About the time of the Battle of 
Gettysburg A. J. H. Duganne, who had edited a newspaper in 



288 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 

Chester County, and was later on the editorial staff of the New 
York Tribune, wrote an inspiring lyric which reaches a very high 
plane of literary merit. While a little too long, its warmth of 
feeling is well sustained, and some of its lines are unexcelled in 
literature. It ought to be in the memory of all who appreciate 
the worth and importance of the State. 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Hurrah for Pennsylvania! She's blazing as of yore 

Like a red furnace molten, with freedom's blast once more. 

From all her mines the war light shines, and out of her iron hills 

The glorious fire leaps higher and higher till all the land it fills! 

From valleys green and mountains blue her yeomanry arouse 

And leave the forges burning and the oxen at their plows; 

Up from highland and headland they muster in forest and plain 

By the blaze of their fiery beacons in the land of Anthony Wayne. 

Hurrah for Pennsylvania! Her sons are clasping hands 
Down from the Alleghenies and up from Jersey's sands. 
Juniata fair to the Delaware is winding her bugle bars, 
And the Susquehanna like warlike banner is bright with stripes and stars; 
And the hunter scours his rifle and the boatman grinds his knife, 
And the lover leaves his sweetheart and the husband leaves his wife. 
And the w^omen go out in the harvest and gather the golden grain 
While the bearded men are marching in the land of Anthony W^ayne. 

Hurrah for Pennsylvania! Through every vale and glen 

Beating like resolute pulses, she feels the tread of men. 

From Erie's Lake her legions break, from Tuscarora's Gorge, 

And with ringing shout they are tramping out from brave old Valley 

Forge. 
And up from the plains of Paoli the minute men march once more, 
And they carry the swords of their fathers and the flags their fathers bore ; 
And they swear as they rush to battle that never shall cowardly stain 
Dishonor a blade or a banner in the land of Anthony Wayne. 

Hurrah for Pennsylvania! She fears not traitor hordes, 

Bulwarked on all her borders by loyal sons and swords. 

From Delaware's strand to Maryland and bright Ohio's marge 

Each freeman's hand is her cattle brand, each freeman's heart her targe: 



POETRY 289 

And she stands like an ocean's breakwater, in fierce rebellion's path 
And shivers its angry surges and baffles its frantic wTath. 
And the tide of slavery's treason shall clash on her in vain, 
RoUing back from the ramparts of freedom from the land of Anthony 
Wayne. 

Hm-rah for Pennsylvania! We hear her sounding call 

Ringing out Liberty's summons from Independence Hall; 

That tocsin rang with iron clang in Revolution's horn-, 

And it is ringing again through the hearts of men with a terrible glory and 

power. 
And all the people hear it — that mandate old and grand 
Proclaims to the uttermost nations that Liberty rules the land. 
And all the people chant it — that brave old royal strain, 
On the borders of Pennsylvania, the land of Anthony Wayne. 

Hurrah for Pennsylvania! And let her soldiers march 

I'nder the arch of triumph — the Union's star Ht arch; 

With banner proud and trumpets loud they come from the border fray, 

From the battle-fields where hearts were shields to bar the invader's way. 

Hurrah for Pennsylvania! Her soldiers well may march 

Beneath her ancient banner, the keystone of our arch. 

And all the mightj^ Northland will swell the triumphant train 

From the land of Pennsylvania, the land of Anthony Wayne. 

19 



APPENDIX 



GOVERNORS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



PRIOR TO WILLIAM PENN. 



Cornelius Jacobson May . 1624-1625 

William Van Hulst 1625-1626 

Peter Minuit 1626-1632 

David Pieterzen De Vries 1632-1633 

Wouter Van Twiller 1633-1638 

Sir William Kieft 1638-1647 



Peter Stuyvesant 1647-1664 

Colonel Richard Nicholls. 1664-1667 
Colonel Francis Lovelace. 1667-1673 

Anthony Colve 1673-1674 

Sir Edmund Andross 1674-1681 



Governors of the Swedes. 

Peter Minuit 1638-1641 I John Pappegoya 1653-1654 

Peter Hollender 1641-1643 John Claude Rysingh. .1654-1655 

John Printz 1643-1653 



PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. 



William Markham 1681-1682 

Wilham Penn, Proprietor 

and Governor 1682-1684 

The Council (Thomas 

Lloyd, President) 1684-1688 

Captain John Blackwell . . 1688-1690 
The Council (Thomas 

Lloyd, President) 1690-1691 

William Markham 1691-1699 

William Penn 1699-1701 

Andrew Hamilton 1701-1703 

The Council (Edward 

Shippen, President) .... 1703-1704 

John Evans 1704-1709 

Charles Gookin 1709-1717 

Sir William Keith 1717-1718 

Sir William Keith 1718-1726 

Patrick Gordon 1726-1736 

291 



The Council (James 

Logan, President) 1736-1738 

George Thomas 1738-1746 

George Thomas 1746-1747 

The Council (Anthony 

Palmer, President) .... 1747-1748 

James Hamilton 1748-1754 

Robert Hunter Morris . . . 1754-1756 

Wilham Denny 1756-1759 

James Hamilton 1759-1763 

John Penn, Lieutenant 

Governor 1763-1771 

The Council (James 

Hamilton, President) . . 1771 

Richard Penn 1771-1773 

John Penn, Lieutenant 

Governor. 1773-1776 



292 



PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE 



SINCE WILLIAM PENN. 

DURING THE REVOLUTION. 

Chairman of the Committee of Safety. 
Benjamin FrankHn 



Presidents of the Supreme Executive Council. 



1776-1777 



Thomas Wharton, Jr 1777-1778 

George Bryan, V. P 1778-1778 

Joseph Reed 1781 

William Moore 1781-1782 



John Dickinson 1782-1785 

Benjamin FrankUn 1785-1788 

Thomas Mifflin 1788-1790 



UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH. 



Thomas Mifflin 1790-1799 

Thomas McKean 1799-1808 

Simon Snyder 1808-1817 

WilHam Findlay 1817-1820 

Joseph Hiester 1820-1823 

John Andrew Shulze 1823-1829 

George Wolfe 1829-1835 

Joseph Ritner 1835-1839 

David Rittenhouse Porter 1839-1845 

Francis Pawn Shunk 1845-1848 

William Freame Johnston 1848-1852 

WiUiam Bigler 1852-1855 

James Pollock 1855-1858 



WiUiam Fisher Packer. . .1858-1861 
Andrew Gregg Curtin. . . . 1861-1867 

John White Geary 1867-1873 

John Frederick Hartranft 1873-1879 

Henry Martyn Hoyt 1879-1883 

Robert Emory Pattison. .1883-1887 
James Adams Beaver. . . .1887-1891 
Robert Emory Pattison. .1891-1895 
Daniel Hartman Hastings 1895-1899 

WilHam A. Stone 1899-1903 

Samuel W. Pennypacker . 1903-1907 

Edwin S. Stuart 1907-1911 

JohnK. Tener 1911- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM PENNSYLVANIA. 



William Maclay 1789-1791 

Robert Morris 1789-1795 

Albert Gallatin 1793-1794 

James Ross 1794-1803 

WiUiam Bingham 1795-1801 

John P. G. Muhlenberg . . 1801 

George Logan 1801-1807 

Samuel Maclay 1803-1808 

Andrew Gregg 1807-1813 

Michael Leib 1808-1814 

Abner Leacock 1813-1819 

Jonathan Roberts 1814-1821 



Walter Lowrie 1819-1825 

WiUiam Findlay 1821-1827 

WiUiam Marks 1825-1831 

Isaac D. Barnhard 1827-1831 

George Mifflin Dallas. . . .1831-1833 

WiUiam Wilkins 1831-1834 

Samuel McKean 1833-1839 

James Buchanan 1834-1845 

Daniel Sturgeon 1839-1851 

Simon Cameron 1845-1849 

James Cooper 1849-1855 

Richard Brodhead 1851-1857 



APPENDIX 



293 



UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM PENNSYVANIA. 



William Bigler 1855-1861 

Simon Cameron 1857-1861 

David Wilmot 1861-1863 

Edgar Cowan 1861-1867 

Charles R. Buckalew .... 1863-1869 

Simon Cameron 1867-1877 

John Scott 1869-1875 

William A. Wallace 1875-1881 



J. Donald Cameron 1877-1897 

John I. Mitchell 1881-1887 

Matthew Stanley Quay . . 1887-1899 

Boies Penrose 1897- 

Matthew Stanley Quay. .1901-1904 

Philander C. Knox 1904-1909 

George T. OUver 1909- 



CHIEF JUSTICES OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



Nicholas Moore 1684 

James Harrison 1685 

Arthur Cook 1686 

John Simcock 1690 

Andrew Robeson 1692 

John Guest 1701 

William Clarke 1703 

John Guest 1705 

Roger Mompesson 1706 

Joseph Growden 1707 

David Lloyd 1717 

Isaac Norris 1731 

James Logan 1731 

Jeremiah Langhorne 1739 

John Kinsey 1743 

Wilham Allen 1750 

Benjamin Chew 1774 

Joseph Reed 1777 

Thomas McKean. .1777, 1784, 1791 



Edward Shippen 1799 

WiUiam Tilghman 1806 

John Bannister Gibson. . . 1827, 1838 

Jeremiah S. Black 1851 

Ellis Lewis 1854, 1855 

Walter H. LowTie 1857 

George W. Woodward 1863 

James Thompson 1867 

John Meredith Read 1872 

Daniel Agnew 1873 

George Sharswood 1878 

Ulysses Mercur 1882 

Isaac G. Gordon 1887 

Edward M. Paxson 1888 

James P. Sterrett 1893 

Henry Green 1899 

J. Brewster McCollum 1900 

James T. MitcheU 1903 

D. Newlin FeU 1909 



INDEX 



Abbey, Edwin A., 206 

Abolition publications, early, 141 

Abolition societies, 110 
earliest, 141 
many organized, 175 

Academy of the Fine Arts founded, 
136, 196, 205 

Academy of Natural Sciences, 136 

Adams, John, 113 

Adams, John Quincy, 115 

Adams, Samuel, 86 

Addison, Alexander, 110 

Agnew, D. Hayes, 214 

Aitken, Robert, 85 

publishes fii'stEngHsh Bible, 108 

Albany Convention, 67 

Allegheny County, 110, 219, 239, 243 
National Arsenal in, 143 

Allegheny River, 64 

Allen, William, 78 

Allentown, 145 

Liberty Bell hidden at, 94 
Portland cement at, 246 

Almanacs, early, 180 

Ahichs, Jacob, 23 

Altona, village on the Delaware, 24 

"American Journal of Medical Sci- 
ences," 212 

American Party, 137 

American Philosophical Society, 60, 

192, 207 
American races, 9 



"American Weekly Mercury," 62, 

181 
Ames' Almanac, 79 
Amish, 264 
Anderson, Patrick, 90 
Andre, John, 99 
Andrews, Jedediah, 266 
Andros, Edmund, Governor, 38 
Annapolis Meeting, 104 
Annesley, James, story of, 272 
Anthracite coal, 239 
discovery of, 240 
first use of, 241 
Argall, Samuel, becomes governor, 19 
Armstrong County, 258 
Armstrong, John, 70, 71, 93, 276 
Army Commanders, 151 
Army, Continental, 85, 100 
Army of the Potomac, McClellan 
commands, 147 
Meade commands, 153 
Art, early, 196 

household, 199 
Articles of Confederation, 85 
Artists, 201, 204, 206 
Asbury, Francis, 270 
Assembly, the first, 46 
Associators, Pennsylvania, 83 
Astronomy, 192 
Atlee, Samuel John, 90 
Attorneys-general, Pennsylvania, 

220 
Aubrey, Letitia, 224 
Audubon, John James, 194 



295 



296 



INDEX 



Baer, George F., 260 

Baker, Edward D., 148 

Baldwin Locomotive Works, 249 

Baldwin, Matthias W., 249 

Bank, first, 108 

Bank of North America, 108 

Bank, United States, overthrown by 

Jackson, 133 
Baptists, 262, 264 
Barber, E. A., 200 
Baron Stiegel, 248 
Barton, Benjamin S., 191 
Barton, W. P. C, 191 
Bartram, John, 60, 190 
Basket making, 248 
"Battle of the Kegs," 98, 184 

words of, 280 
Beaver, James A., inaugurates State 

Forestry, 165 
Bedford, 73, 112 
Bedford, Nathaniel, 213 
Beissel, Conrad, 207 
Bell, Robert, pubhsher, 86, 183, 218 
Benezet, Anthony, 141, 174 
Berks County, 58, 70, 136, 271 
Bessemer steel, 239 
Bethlehem, 60, 111, 112, 224 
Bethlehem Iron and Steel Company, 

241 
Bethlehem Moravians in 1790, 60 
Be van, John, 49 
Beversrode, Fort, 21, 22 
Bibles, first American German and 

Enghsh, 108, 181 
Bibles, Sower, 181 
Biddle, George W., 220 
Biddle, James, 123 
Biddle, Nicholas, President United 

States Bank, 133 
Biddle, Thomas, 121, 122 
Bikker, Gerrit, 22 



Binney, Horace, 219 
Bird, Robert M., 187 
Bird, WilHam, 235 
Birdsboro, 235 
Bituminous coal, 241 

in Allegheny County, 241 

in Mercer County, 241 
Black, Jeremiah S., Attorney-gen- 
eral, 140, 220 
"Blackstone," first American edi- 
tion, 218 
Block, Adrian, 19 
Blue Anchor Inn, 46 
Bodley, Thomas, 124 
Boehm, John Phihp, 269 
Bonaparte, 185 
Bond, Thomas, 210 
Boone, Daniel, 273 
Botanists, early Pennsylvania, 190 
Bouquet, Henry, 72, 73 

reaches Fort Pitt, 74 
Bowen, Ehsha, 275 
Bowser, WilHam, 102 
Bozarth, Mrs., story of, 274 
Brackenridge, Hugh H., 110, 219 
Braddock, General Edward, death 
of, 68 

defeat of, 68 

in command, 67 
Bradford, Andrew, 62, 181, 216 
Bradford, WilHam, arrested, 53 

first printer, 52 

pubHcations of, 177 

trial of, 217 
Bradford's Resolutions, 81, 82 
Brady, Hugh, 122 
Brady, Samuel, story of, 274 
Brandywine, battle of, 92 
Brandywine Creek 24, 92 
Branson, WiHiam, 234 
Bridges, State builds, 130 
Brinton, Daniel G., 195 
Brodhead, Daniel, 100 



INDEX 



297 



Brook Farm, 24 

Brooke, John R., 165 

Brown, Charles Brockden, 108, 184 

Brown, David Paul, 221 

Brown, Jacob, at Lundy's Lane, 122 
captures Fort Erie, 121 
commander of Northern De- 
partment, 119 
made Commander-in-Chief, 122 
Major-general, 119 
New York City thanks, 122 

Bruce, David, poems, 112 

Brule, Etienne, crosses Pennsylva- 
nia, 19 

Brmnbaugh, Martin G., 232 

Bryn Mawr CoUege, 228 

Buchanan, James, 138, 168, 227 

"Buck Shot War," 137 

Bucks County, 47, 58, 263, 264, 269, 
275 

Budd, Thomas, 177 

Bull, Colonel John, 85 

Bull, Ole, 207 

Burd, Colonel James, 71, 90 

Burgoyne, 95 

at Three Rivers, 89 

Burials, early, 34 

Burrows, WilUam, 124 

Bushy Run, battle of, 73 

Butler, Richard, 100 

BylUnge, Edward, 43 



Cadwalader, General John, 91, 99 
and the Pennsylvania militia, 91 
Cadwalader, John, 49, 83 
Cadwalader, Thomas, 210 
Cambria Forge, 238 
Cambria Iron Company, 238 
Cameron, Simon, Secretary of War, 

145, 159 
Camp Curtin, 146 



Camp du Pont, 128 
Canal Commissioners, 132 
Canals, early, 257 

growth of, 258 

State bu'lds, 132 
Capitol, new building erected, 167 

old building burned, 164 
Carlisle, 70, 72, 112, 159, 213, 217, 
219, 275 

bombarded, 153 
Carnegie Institute, 228 
Carpenter, Samuel, 53 
Carpenter's Hall, 82 
Carr, Su- Robert, 26 
Carroll, William, 123 
Casimir, Fort, 22 
Cassatt, Alexander J., 260 
Cassidy, Lewis C, 221 
Cassin, Stephen, 124 
Catasauqua, 241 
Cathohcs, 270 

among the Germans, 271 

in Berks County, 271 

in Lancaster County, 271 

in Montgomery County, 271 

in Philadelphia, 271 
Causes of War of 1812, 118 
Census, first, 108 
Centennial Exhibition, 163, 196 
Central High School, 232 
Centre County, 237 
Chadd's Ford, armies at, 92 
Chambersburg burned, 157 

invaded, 152 

raided, 150 
Charity schools, 225 
Charter to Penn, 44, 57 
Chester, Admiral Porter born in, 
159 

court at, 38 

Penn lands at, 46 
Chester County, 47, 93, 161, 174, 

188, 195, 219, 234, 237, 262, 288 



298 



INDEX 



Chester County, iron in, 62 
Presbyterians in, 58 
Revolutionary Army in, 92, 93 
Scotch Irish in, 58 
Chew House, 95 
Chippewa, battle of, 121 
Christ Church founded, 54, 266 
Churches, early, 38, 266 
Claypoole, James, 204 
Clinton, DeWitt, 133 
Clinton, Sir Henry, 99 
Clymer, George, 105 
Coal, 233 

anthracite, 239, 240, 241 

bituminous, 241 
"Coal Oil Johnny," 245 
Coaquannock, 10, 253 
Coinage, early colonial, 48 
Coke, 241 

furnaces, 242 

in Fayette County, 241 

in Huntingdon County, 241 

vast production of, 241 
Colebrookdale Furnace, 62, 234 
College of Physicians, 212 
Colleges, 227 

Bryn Mawr, 228 

Dickinson, 227 

Franklin and Marshall, 227 

Girard, 228 

Haverford, 228 

Lafayette, 228 

Lehigh University, 228 

Muhlenberg, 228 

State, 228 

Swarthmore, 228 

University of Pennsylvania, 227 

Washington and Jefferson, 228 

Western University of Pennsyl- 
vania, 228 
College viUe, bridge at, 131 
Colony asserts her rights, 80 
Columbia, 258 



"Columbian Magazine," 108, 185 

"Common Sense," 86 

Conestoga, 10, 253 

Indians, massacre of, 76, 273 
wagon, 255 

Confederates enter Pennsylvania, 
152 
tln-eaten Pennsylvania, 150 

Congress, First Continental, 82 
Second Continental, 84 
sits at Lancaster and York, 94 

Congress Hall, 82, 105 

Connecticut land question, 77 
settlers, 64, 77 

Connolly, John, 212 

Conshohocken, 17 

"Conspiracy" of Pontiac, 72 

"Constitution," Charles Stewart 
commands, 124 

Constitution, First State, 88 
State, of 1790, 108 
State, of 1837, 137 

Constitution of United States, adop- 
tion of, 105 

Constitutional Convention in Phila- 
delphia, 104 

Continental Army, beginning of, 85 

Continental Congress, First, 82 
Second, 84 

Cooke, Jay, finances Northern Pa- 
cific Railroad, 261 
finances the Rebellion, 157 
in panic of 1873, 161 

"Cooper Shop," 149 

Cope, Edward D., 195 

Cornwall Furnace, 237 

Cornwallis, Lord, 93 

Corporation taxes, 242 

Corps commanders, Pennsylvania, 
151, 159 

Corry, 245 

Corssen, Arent, 21 

Couch, D. N., 152 



INDEX 



299 



Coughlin, James M., 232 
Council of Censors, 88 
Council of Safety, 88 
Counties, first three, 47 

western, 110 
Courts, early, 216 

ecclesiastical, 216 

English establish, 37 

system of, 215 
Coventry Forge, 234 
Cramp and Sons, ship-builders, 250 
Crematory, first, 213 
Cumberland County, 70 
Cumberland Valley, Scotch Irish in, 

59 
Curtin, Andrew Gregg, calls for vol- 
unteers, 150 
elected Governor, 142 



D 



Darlington, William, 191 
Darragh, Lydia, 95, 276 
Dauphin County, 129 
Dawkins, Henry, 205 
Decatur, Stephen, 123 

at Tripoh, 123 
Declaration of Independence, 86, 88 
DeHeart, Granny, 208 
Delaware Bay, 18 
Delaware County, 202, 258, 262 
Delaware Indians, 9, 68 
Delaware ratifies Constitution, 105 
Delaware River, 44, 46 

British blockade, 128 

early life on, 38 

Fitch's steamboat on, 117 

named, 36 
Democracy, rise of, 113 
Democratic Party, close of control, 
138 

leaders of, 116 

rise of, 113 



Dennie, Joseph, 185 

Department of Public Instruction 

estabhshed, 231 
Detwiler, Henry, 213 
DeVries, David Pieterzoon, 20, 21 
Dickinson College, 227 
Dickinson, John, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 
83, 88, 104, 108, 217 
and the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, 86 
and Massachusetts, 80 
''Farmer's Letters," 79 
Dinwiddle, governor of Virginia, 64 
Discovery of iron, 16 
Disston Saw Works, 251 
Dixon, Samuel G., 195 
Doanes, outlaws, 218 
Dobbins, Daniel, builds fleet, 127 
Dock, Christopher, 224 

wTites first essay on school- 
teaching, 224 
Doddridge, Joseph, 213 
D'Hinoyossa, Alexander, becomes 

Governor, 24, 26 
Drama, 207 
Drexel Institute, 228 
Duane, Wilham, 116 
Duane, WiUiam J., Secretary of 

Treasury, 133 
Duganne, A. J. H., poem "Pennsyl- 
vania," 288 
Duke of York, 26, 36, 43 
conveyance to Penn, 45 
his Book of Laws, 37 
Dungan, Thomas, 264 
Dunkers arrive in Germanto^\^l, 58 

at Ephrata, 62 

DuPonceau, Peter S., 193 

Dm-ham Furnace, 235 

Dutch and the Swedes, 21 

claim the country, 18 

on the Delaware, 19 

on the Schuylkill, 21 



300 



INDEX 



Dutch second government, 38 

surrender claims, 26 
Dutch Reformed in Bucks County, 
269 
in Montgomery County, 269 
on the Delaware, 262 
Dutch West India Company, 19, 
22, 24 



Early, Jubal A., 152 

at York and Wrightsville, 152 
Education, 222 

among the Germans, 223 

beginning of, 48 
Electricity, 192 
Electric roads, 261 
EUzabeth Furnace, 248 
Elhott, Washington L., 159 
England and her colonies, 75 

war between Holland and, 38 
English at Fort Nassau, 35 

claims and contests, 26 

create a council, 37 

establish courts, 37 

on the North River, 26 

on the South River, 26, 35 
Engraving, art of, 205 
"Enterprise," 126 
Entomology, first American, 194 
Ephrata, Dunkers at, 62, 267 

hymns, 181, 182 

martyr book, 182 

schoolmaster at, 226 
Episcopal Church, 54 
Episcopalians, 265 
Erie Canal, 258 
Evans, John, 57 



Falckner, David, 268 
Fallen Timbers, battle of, 106 



"Farmer's Letters," 79 

Fayette County, 66, 110, 213, 237, 

241 
Federahst Party, 113 
Fell, Jesse, 240 
Fenwick, John, 43 
Ferguson, EHzabeth, 101 
Findley, WilKam, 110 
Finns on the Delaware, 30 
Firmstone, William, 241 
First City Troop, 83 
First Continental Congress, 82 
"Fu-st Defenders," 145 
Fitch, John, invents first steam- 
boat, 117, 193 
Fitzpatrick, James, 218, 275 
Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 105 
Fletcher, Benjamin, 54 
Flower, Enoch, 48, 222 
Floyd, John B., 143 
Forbes, General John, 71 
Forrest, Edwin, 207 
Fort Augusta, 73 

Beversrode, 21, 22 

Casimir, 22 

Christina, 23, 24, 28, 31 

Duquesne built, 64 
becomes Fort Pitt, 72 
Braddock's defeat at, 68 
capture of, 71 

Elfsborg, 32 

Erie captured by General Brown, 
121 
Pennsylvanians at, 122 

Eriwomeck, 35 

Granville, 70 

Le Boeuf, 63, 73 

Ligonier, 73 

Machault, 64 

Mercer, 98 

Mifflin, 98 

Nassau, Dutch build, 20 
English at, 35 



INDEX 



301 



Fort Necessity, 66, 67 
New Gothenborg, 32 
Pickens, Lieutenant Slemmer 

commands, 144 
Pitt, 72, 73, 74 
Presque Isle, 73 
Red Bank, 98 
Sumpter fired upon, 144 
Ticonderoga, 89 
Venango, 73 

Washington, surrender of, 90 
Forts, frontier, 70 
Foster, Stephen C, 278 
Fox, George, and the Quakers, 40 
and the Schwenkf elders, 59, 268 
visits America, 37 
France and the United States, 113 
Franklin, Benjamin, at Albany Con- 
vention, 67 
comes to Philadelphia, 60 
his almanacs, 180 
his "General Magazine," 181 
in England, 78 

in State Constitutional Conven- 
tions, 88, 105 
opposes Proprietary Govern- 
ment, 77 
President of Pennsylvania, 108 
returns from England, 83 
sides with the Colonies, 83 
Franklin and Marshall College, 227 
Franklin County, 161 
Freame, R., \\Tites first Pennsylvania 

poem, 179 
Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania gen- 
erals at, 150 
Freebooters, stories of, 275 
French Alliance, 96 
French and Indian War, 63 
French forts, 63 
Huguenots, 49 

refugees in Philadelphia, 113 
settlements, 63 



Fries' Rebellion, 112 
Fugitive Slave Law, 175 
Fulhng mills, 246 
Fulton, Robert, 193, 252 
Funk, Henry, 183 
Furness, Horace Howard, 189 
Furness, WilKam H., 176 
Fussell, Bartholomew, 176 



Gallatin, Albert, manufacturer of 
glass, 249 
Secretary of Treasury, 110 
GaUoway, Joseph, 76, 77, 82, 83, 217 
Garrison, William Lloyd, 175 
Geary, John W., 139 

at Lookout Mountain, 157 
Governor, 163 
in Mexican War, 138 
recommends Centennial Cele- 
bration, 163 
recommends geological survey, 
164 
Geological survey, 164 
German immigration, 50, 59 
German Reformed in Berks County, 

58 
GermantowTi, battle of, 95 
development of, 50 
Dock teaches at, 224 
Dunkers at, 267 
Mennonites at, 263 
settlement of, 50 
Washington retreats to, 93 
weaving at, 247 
Gerry, Elbridge, 105 
"Gertrude of Wyoming," 101, 273 
Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial 

Association, 165 
Gettysbvu-g a Pennsylvania battle, 
156 
cavalry battle at, 156 



302 



INDEX 



Gettysburg, first day's battle, 154 

first encounter at, 152 

losses at, 156 

reunion at, 169 

second day's battle, 155 

third day's battle, 156 
Gibbons, Daniel, 176 
Gibbons, James, at Stony Point, 277 

story of, 277 
Gibson, John B., 220 
Girard College, 228 
Girard, Stephen, finances War of 

1812, 128 
Girty, Simon, 106, 273 
Glass-making, 130, 248 

at Manheim, 248 

at Pittsburgh, 249 

importance of, 249 

on Monongahela River, 249 
Godey's "Lady's Book," 187 
Godfrey, Thomas, 180, 192 
Goodson, John, 208 
Gordon's Ford, 94 
Gorsuch, Edward, 137 
Gowen, Franklin B., 133, 260 
Graeme Park, 101, 208 
Graeme, Thomas, 208 
"Graham's Magazine," 187 
Great Meadows, battle at, 64, 66, 68 
Greaton, Father, 271 
Greble, John T., 148 
Green Castle invaded, 152 
Greene, Nathaniel, 90, 102 
Gregg, Andrew, 119 
Gregg, David McMurtrie, commands 

Union cavalry at Gettysburg, 156 
Grierson, Benjamin H., 159 
Grist mills, 246 
Gross, Samuel D., 211 
Grow, Galusha A., contest with 

Keitt, 148 
Growdon, Joseph, 217 
Guldin, Samuel, 269 



"Half Moon," 18 
Hamilton, Andrew, 217 
Hancock, Winfield Scott, at Gettj^s- 
burg, 155 
in Mexican War, 138 
Hand, Edward, 212 
Hanover Township, 16 
Harlan, Richard, 194 
Harmar, Josiah, commander-in- 
chief, 106 
Harris, John, gives land for Capital, 
129 
owns a slave, 172 
Harrisburg, Indian massacre near, 70 
Lincoln speaks at, 144 
rebels four miles from, 153 
State Capital established at, 219 
Hartley, Thomas, 100 
Hartman, Regina, story of, 74 
Hartranft, John F., at Fort Stead- 
man, 157 
a Schwenkfelder, 268 
Governor, 162 

organizes National Guard, 162 
Hastings, Daniel H., establishes 
Department of Agriculture, 165 
Haverford, 49 
Haverford College, 228 
Hayden, John, 237 
Hazlewood, John, 98 
Hellertown, 213 
Hendricks, Gerhard, 50, 170 
Hendricks, Jacob, 39 
Hendrickson, Cornelius, 19 
Henry, Patrick, 105 
Herb women, 208 
Hering, Constantine, 213 
Hesselius, Gustavus, 201 
Heydrick, Christopher, 268 
Hiester, Governor Joseph, 132 
recommends canal, 132 



INDEX 



303 



Hillegas, Michael, first Colonial 
Treasurer, 92 

Hooker, Ludwig, 226 

Hofmann, J. W., Colonel, opens bat- 
tle of Gettysburg, 155 

Holiday, John, 238 

Holland's war with England, 38 

Hohne, John Campanius, 34 
his book, 34 

Homeopathic Medical College of 
Pennsylvania, 213 

Homeopathy, 213 

Homes, early, 38 

Hoplvinson, Francis, 184, 280 

''Hornet," 124 

Hospital, Mercy, of Pittsburgh, 213 
Pemisylvania, 210 
Western Pennsylvania, 213 

Hospitals for lunatics,, 213 

Hossett, Gilles, 20 

Howe, Su' Wilham, 90, 92, 94, 99 

Hudde, Andreas, 22 

Hudson, Henry, in Delaware Bay, 18 

Hughes, John, 78 

Huguenots, 49 

Humphreys, Andrew A., at Freder- 
icksburg, 151 
in Mexican War, 138 

Hunt, Leigh, 188 

Huntingdon County, 237, 241 



Implements, Indian, 11, 12, 17 
Indians, bread making, 13 

characteristics, 12, 14 

Delaware, 9 

discovery of iron, 16 

early troubles with, 24 

food, 11 

how they lived, 9 

humor, 17 

implements, 11, 12, 17 



Indians in Pennsylvania, 9 

Iroquois, 9 

Lenni Lenape, 9 

letter, 16 

Manitou, 14 

marriage, 11 

medicines and cures, 14 

Miami, 106 

Minqua, 22 

oratory, 15 

place names, 17 

Quaker treatment of, 16, 17 

ravages, 70 

rehgion, 14 

Shawnees, 16 

stories of, 273 

tobacco, 11 

tomahawk, 12 

traders killed by, 16 

trails, 253, 254 

treaties with, 48, 57 

villages, 10 

weapons, 11, 12 

wigwams, 10, 12 
Industries, 243 
Ingersoll, Jared, 105 
Inventors, 252 
Iron at IManheim, 248 

at Pittsburgh, 238 

Indian discovery of, 16 

in AUegheny County, 239 

in Centre County, 237 

in Chester County, 237 

in Fayette County, 237 

in Huntingdon County, 237 

in Lancaster County, 248 

in Lebanon County, 237 

in Westmoreland County, 238 
Iron furnaces, 233 
Iron industries, beginnings of, 62, 

233, 235 
"Ironsides" built at Philadelphia, 

251 



304 



INDEX 



Iroquois Indians, 9 
Irvine, William, 212 



Jackson, Andrew, overthrows 
United States Bank, 133 

Jacquette, John Paul, 23, 40 

Jansen, Jan, 21 

Jay's Treaty, 113 

Jefferson, Joseph, 207 

Jefferson Medical College, 211, 212 

Jefferson, Thomas, 114, 140 

Johnson, Andrew, impeachment of, 
160 

Johnson, John G., 220 

Johnston, Wilham F., 137 

Johnstown, 238 
flood, 164 



Keach, Ehas, 264 
Kearsley, John, 208, 210 
"Keenan's Charge," 285 
Keimer, Samuel, 60, 181 
Keith controversy, 52, 53, 179 
Keith, George, 41, 52, 222 
essay on slavery, 172 
Kelpius, Johannes, 51, 200, 202, 263 
Kennedy, Samuel, 211 
"Keystone State," 116 
Kidd,* Captain William, 54 
Kieft, Wilham, 21 

Kinnersley, Ebenezer, 60, 192, 265 
Kittanning, Indian town, destroyed, 

70 
Knight, John, 213 
Kolb, Dielman, 183 
Koplin, Matthias, 210 
Koster, Henry Bernhard, 263 
Kuhn, Adam, 210 
Kulpsville, 95 



Labor strike of 1877, 162 
Lafayette, 96, 102 
Lafayette College, 228 
Lake Erie, fleets built on, 127 

Perry at, 126 
Lancaster, Congress at, 94 

"Paxton Boys" at, 76 
Lancaster County, 10, 18, 70, 138, 
160, 188, 194, 236, 256, 271, 
273 
Amish in, 264 
iron in, 248 
Mennonites in, 264 
Presbyterians in, 58 ; 

Scotch Irish in, 58 • ^■ 

Lancaster Turnpike, 130 
Lane, Edward, 266 
Law, 108 

Academy of Philadelphia, 221 
Association of Philadelphia, 221 
Libel, 215, 216 
School, first American, 108 
"Lawrence," flagship, 127 ' 

Lawyers, 215 ; 

early, 216 

eminent, 217, 219, 221 
Lay, Benjamin, 141 

treatise on slavery, 173 
Lea, Henry C, 189 
Lebanon County, 237 
Lee, Charles, 99 

Lee, Robert E., invades Pennsyl- 
vania, 151, 152 
Lehigh County, 246 
Lehigh University, 228 
Leib, Michael, 119 
Leidy, Joseph, 195 
Leiper, Thomas, 258 
Lemoyne, John Julius, 213 
Lenni Lenape Indians, 9 
Lewis, Grace Anna, 176 



INDEX 



305 



Lewis, William, 219 

Lexington, battle of, 83 

Libel, fii'st trial, 53 

Libel Laws established, 216 

Liberty Bell hidden at Allentown, 94 

Libraries, early, 60 

Library Company of Philadelphia, 60 

Lincoln, Abraham, calls for volun- 
teers, 145, 151 
elected, 142 

liis Secretaries of War, 159 
reaches Washington, 144 
speaks at Harrisbiirg, 144 
speaks at Independence Hall, 

143 
speaks at Pittsburgh, 143 
thanks Pennsylvania, 143 - 

Lincoln, Mordecai, 62, 172, 234 

Lippard, George, noveUst, 187 

Literature, beginnings of, 108, 177 

Lititz, 224 

Lloyd, David, 49, 55, 62, 169, 216 
defies the king, 55 

Lloyd, Thomas, Deputy Governor, 
49, 52, 53 

Logan, James, Penn's secretary-, 56, 
57, 60, 191 

"Log College," 225, 267 

Long Island, battle of, 89 

Pennsylvanians at, 90 

Lord Baltimore and Penn, 48 

Louisiana Purchase, 114 

New England opposes, 114, 115 
Pennsylvania approves, 114, 115 

Lovelace, Francis, 37 

Lowell, James Russell, in Philadel- 
phia, 187 

Lukens, John, 192 

Lumber industry, 251 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 122 

Lutherans, 262 

in Berks County, 58 

in Montgomery County, 268 



Lutherans on the Delaware, 262 
Lyman, WiUiam, 241 

M 

Machinery, development of, 248, 

249 
Mack, Alexander, 58, 267 
Maclay, WilUam, gives land for 

Capitol, 129 
MacVeagh, Wayne, 220 
Magaw, Robert, 85 
IVIagazines, early, 181, 184, 187 
Magna Charta first pubUshed, 52, 

177 
Mahanoy City, Indian massacre at, 

70 
Makin, Thomas, 222 
Manayunk, 17 

Manheim, glass-making at, 130, 248 
Manitou, 14 
Mann, Wilham B., 221 
Manufactures, early, 130, 246, 247, 

248 
Maple sugar, 11 
Marchand, David, 212 
Marcus Hook, camp at, 128 
Markham, Wilham, Deputy Gover- 
nor, 45, 54, 55 
Marriage, Indian, 11 
Marriages, early, 34 
Marshall, Himiphry, 191 
"Mary Ann" Furnace, 237 
Mason and Dixon's Line, 77 
Massachusetts attitude in War of 
1812, 119 

vs. Pennsylvania, 115 
Matlack, Timothy, 83 
Mauch Chunk, 17 
McCall, George A., in Mexican War, 
138 
General, 146 
McClellan, Dr. George, 211 



20 



306 



INDEX 



McClellan, George B., at battles of 
South Mountain and An- 
tietam, 150 

commands Army of the Poto- 
mac, 147 

General, 146 

in Mexican War, 138 
McClure, Alexander K., 144 
McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 252 
McFarland, Daniel, 122 
McKean, Thomas, 83, 88, 114, 115, 

116, 168 
McKim, I. Miller, 176 
McMaster, John Bach, 189 
Meade, George Gordon, at Freder- 
icksburg, 151 

at Gettysburg, 154, 155, 156 

character of, 154 

commands Army of the Poto- 
mac, 153 

General, 146 

in Mexican War, 138 
Meadville, 119 
Medical diploma, first, 209 
instructors, 213 

practice, beginnings of, 60, 208 
Medical Schools, 211 

fu-st, 210 

Jefferson, 211 

Medico-Chirurgical, 212 

University of Pennsylvania, 210 

W^oman's, 212 
Medical Societies, 212 
Medicines, Indian, 14 
Medico-Chirurgical College, 212 
Meeting houses, early, 33 
Melsheimer, F. V., 194 
Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, 164 
Mennonite settlers, 50 

at Germantown, 263 

in Lancaster County, 58, 264 

on the Skippack, 263 
Mercer Countv, 241 



Mercer, Dr. Hugh, 212 

Mercer, Hugh, 71 

Meredith, Wilham M., 162 

Merion, 49 

Meschianza, 99 

Methodists, 270 

Mexican War, Pennsylvanians in, 

138 
Mey, Cornehus, 19, 20 
Mifflin, Thomas, 82, 104, 108, 113 
Miles, Samuel, 90 
Mills, early, 38, 130 
Minqua Indians, 22 
Minuit, Peter, 27, 28 
Missouri Compromise, 139 
Mitchell, S. Weir, 189, 214 
''Molly Pitcher," story of, 276 
Monmouth, Anthony Wayne at, 99 
Monongahela, Department of, 152 
Monongahela River, 63, 64 
Montgomery County, 101, 112, 155, 
195, 262 
Dutch Reformed in, 269 
Lutherans in, 268 
Revolutionary Army in, 93, 94, 

95 
Schwenkfelders in, 59 
Moore, John, 26^ 
Moore, Nicholas, impeached as 

Chief Justice, 54, 216 
Moore, "Tom," on the Schuylkill, 

186 
Moore, WllKam, of Moore Hall, 70, 

108, 172 
Moravians establish schools, 224 

in Northampton County, 59, 269 
Morgan, John, 210 
Morrell, Isaac, 119 
Morrey, Humphrey, first mayor of 

Philadelphia, 54 
Morris, Anthony, 235 
Morris, Gouverneur, 105 
Morris, Robert, 105 



INDEX 



307 



Morris, Robert, establishes Bank of 

North America, 108 
Mott, Liicretia, 176 
"Mount Joy," 95, 225 
Muhlenberg Baptismal Certificate, 

199 
Muhlenberg College, 228 
Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus, 

first speaker of Congress, 110, 116 
Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Heinrich 

Ernst, 191 
Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior, 74, 

206, 268 
Muhlenberg, Peter, 116 

Read's poem about, 283 
Murray, Lindley, 188 
Music, 60, 207 
Musical Fund Society, 207 



N 



Nation, beginning of, 104 
National Capital at Philadelphia, 

105 
National Guard called out, 162 

organization of, 162 
Natural gas, 245 
Nazareth, 60, 224 
New Amstel, 23 
New Castle, 22, 46 

settlement at, 40 
New England authors in Philadel- 
phia, 186 

opposes Louisiana purchase, 114 
New Haven, Delaware County, 36 
New Jersey, settlement of, 43 
New Orleans, Pennsylvanians at, 123 
New Sweden, 28 
Newspapers, early, 181 
New York, New Amsterdam be- 
comes, 36 

Zenger trial in, 53 
Nicholson, John P., 165 



Nicolls, Colonel Richard, 36 
Normal schools, 231 
Norman, John, 206 
Norris, Isaac, 168 
Norristown, 94, 144, 176 
Northampton County, 58, 70, 139, 

269 
Northumberland County, 108, 112, 

193 
Nutt, Samuel, 16, 62, 233 



Occupations, 243 
Ogdensburg, battle of, 120 
Ohio River, 64, 106 
Ohio VaUey, 63 
Oil Creek, 243 
Oil derricks, 244 

discovery of, 243 

importance of, 243 

transportation of, 245 

weU, first, 244 
"Oil fever," 244 
"Om^ust," 19 
Op den Graeff, 16, 170 
Op den Graeff, Abraham, 50, 1 70 
Op den Graeff, Dirck, 50, 52, 170 
Oratorio, early, 207 
Oratory, Indian, 15 
Ord, E. O. C, 146 
Ornithology, 194 
Otto, Bodo, 211 
OutlawTy, 218 



Packer, Asa, 260 
Paine, Thomas, 86, 185 
Pamphlets, controversial, 179 
Panic of 1836, 134 

of 1873, 161 
Paoli, fight at, 94 



308 



INDEX 



Papegoja, Johan, 34, 37 

Paper mill, earliest, 51, 52 

Parker, Thomas, 213 

Parker's Ford, 93 

Parry, Caleb, 90 

Passyunk, 17, 22 

Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 50, 170, 
216, 223 
friendly letter of, 279 
writes fii'st Pennsylvania school 
book, 224 

Patterson, Robert, 146 

Pattison, Robert E., appoints For- 
estry Commission, 165 

"Paxton Boys," 75, 273 

Peale, Charles Willson, 135,201,204 

Peale, Rembrandt, 201 

Peale's Museum, 135 

Penn, Wilham, 12, 15, 43, 177 
and his Governors, 57 
and Lord Baltimore, 48 
becomes a Quaker, 41 
comes to Pennsylvania, 45 
concessions to settlers, 44 
conveyance to, 45 
death of, 58 
family and estate, 62 
his account of Pennsylvania, 45 
improves English law, 216 
on the Rhine, 43 
organizes the province, 52 
publishes Magna Charta, 177 
restored to authority, 54 
returns to England, 52 
returns to Pennsylvania, 56 
Royal Charter given to, 44 

"Pennamite War," 77 

Penn's Patent for Pennsylvania, 43 

Penn's Treaty, 15, 48 

Pennsylvania appropriates money to 
arm, 144 
attitude in War of 1812, 119 
becomes "Keystone State," 116 



Pennsylvania centre of activities 

during Revolution, 102 
commanders in Rebellion, 146 
corps commanders, 151, 159 
debt of, in 1838, 134 
debt of, in 1861, 141 
early presidents of, 108 
early publications, 177 
fii'st Assembly of, 46 
first history of, 184 
first ratifies Congress proceedings, 

83 
first State Constitution, 88 
importance of, 85, 114, 116 
in the Mexican War, 138 
in the Revolutionary crisis, 91 
in Spanish- American War, 165 
inventors, 252 
leaders of, 169 

leads opposition to tea tax, 80 
Lee invades, 151 
naval heroes, 124 
number of men in the Rebellion, 

158 
officers in the RebelKon, 159 
opposed to slavery, 171 
organization of National Guard, 

162 
patriotic zeal of, 143 
Penn returns to, 56 
Penn's Account of, 45 
population of, in 1765, 79; in 1771, 

80; in 1790, 108; in 1861, 141 
provides money for war, 146 
ratifies Constitution, 105 
recent revenues, 168 
regiments in Continental Army, 

100 
revenues in 1911, 169 
supplies "first defenders," 145 
supports the government, 143 
troops in battle at Long Island, 

90 



INDEX 



309 



Pennsylvania troops in Continental 
Army, 84, 100 
troops in the Rebellion, 146 
troops in Spanish-American War, 

165 
troops in War of 1812, 119 
vs. Massachusetts, 115 
vote on Louisiana Purchase, 115 
Pennsylvania Associators, 83 
Pennsylvania Attorneys-General, 

220 
Pennsylvania Canal, 257 
"Pennsylvania," Duganne's poem, 

288 
"Pennsylvania Freeman," 187 
''Pennsylvania Gazette," 181 
Pennsylvania Hospital, 60, 210 
"Pennsylvania Idea," 262 
Pennsylvania Line, 101, 102 
"Pennsylvania Magazine," 86, 185 
Pennsylvania Public Service Com- 
mission, 169 
Pennsylvania Raiboad Company, 

132 
Pennsylvania Reserves, 147 
Pennsylyania Rock Oil Company, 

243 
Pennsylvania State College, 228 
Pennsylvania State Constabulary, 

167" 
Pennsylvania State Forestry, 165 
Pennsylvania State Highways, 168 
Pennsylvania State House, erection 

of, 217 
Pennypacker, Elijah F., 134, 176 
Pennypacker, Galusha, 158 
Pennypacker' s Mills, American 

Army at, 94 
Penrose, Boies, 168 
Pepper, Wilham, 213 
Perkiomen bridge, 131 
Perkiomen Creek, 106 
W^ashington on, 94 



Perkiomen Seminary, 226, 268 
Perry County, 220 
Perry, Oliver, at Lake Erie, 126 
Peterson, Jan, 208 
Philadelphia, 19, 21, 40 
beginnings of, 45 
British enter, 94 
British in, 98 
British vacate, 99 
City Hall, 162 

Constitutional Convention, 104 
first charter, 45 
First City Troop of Cavalry 

formed in, 83 
first mayor, 54 
foreign authors in, 185 
importance in the Revolution, 92 
Indian trail to, 253 
lawyers, 217 

Library Company of, 60 
national capital at, 105 
new charter, 57 
New England authors trained in, 

186 
population of, in 1790, 108 
riots in, 137 
Tea Party, 81 

Two Hundredth Anniversary, 164 
yellow fever in, 106 
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 

133 
Philadelphia College of Medicine, 

212 
Philadelphia County, 47, 262 
Philadelphia Medical Society, 212 
Philips, George M., 232 
Phoenix Iron Company, 237 
Phoenixville, 240, 276 

Howe's army at, 93, 94 
Physicians, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 
214 
early, 208 
homeopathic, 213 



310 



INDEX 



Physicians of middle and western 

Pennsylvania, 212 
Physick, PhiUp Syng, 211 
Pickering, Charles, 48 
Pickering, Timothy, 115 
Pickett's charge, 156 
Pietersen, Evert, 23 
Pietists, 263 

Pirates on the Delaware, 54 
Pit Hole City, 245 
Pittsburgh, 119, 159, 241 

coal at, 241 

early physicians of, 213 

early population, 111 

first Republican Convention at, 
142 

fort at, 64 

glassmaking at, 249 

''Greater," 167 

hospitals of, 213 

importance of site, 64 

industries of, 238 

in Spanish- American War, 165 

iron industries at, 238 

lawyers of, 220 

Lincoln speaks at, 143 

natural gas at, 245 

Stephen C. Foster born at, 278 
Place-names, Indian, 17 
Plate-glass, 249 

Plockhoy, Pieter CorneHus, 24, 23 
comes to Germantown, 51 
his book, 25, 170 
Plowden, Sir Edmund, 35 
Poe, Edgar Allen, in Philadelphia, 

187 
Poetry, early, 179, 181 

Pennsylvania, 278 
Pollock, James, 138 
Pone, Indian, 13 
Pontiac, conspiracy of, 72 
Pool Forge, 233 
Popular rights, struggles for, 54 



Porter, David D., 159 

Porter, David R., 137 

"PortfoUo," 185 

Portland cement, 246 

Portraits, early, 200 

Potteries, 246 

Pottery, early, 200 

Potts, John, 234 

Potts, Jonathan, 211 

Potts, Thomas, 234 

Pottstown, 93, 165, 234 

Pottsville, 145, 241 

Poupard, James, 206 

Pratt, Matthew, 201, 204 

Preachers, early, 33, 38 

Presbyterians in Chester County, 

58 
in Cumberland Valley, 59 
in Lancaster County, 58 
in Philadelphia, 266 
Presidents of Pennsylvania, 108 
Presque Isle, 63, 73 
Priestley, Joseph, 108, 193 
Princeton, battle of, 91 
Printz, Hof, 32, 33 
Printz, Johan, 30, 31 

his eminence, 34 
Proprietary Government, revolt 

against, 76 
Proud, Robert, 184 
Provincial Council, 47 

quarrels in, 47 
Publications, early Pennsylvania, 

177, 182 
Epln-ata, 182 
Pubhc Schools, beginnings of, 48 

established, 135 

Penn estabhshes, 222 

system of, 226, 230 
Public Service Commission, 168 
PuddUng mills, 238 
Pusey, Caleb, 16 
Putnam, Israel, 90 



INDEX 



311 



Q 



Quakers, 263, 265, 266 
oppose slavery, 141, 171 
organize against slavery, 174 
principles tested, 57 
settlement of New Jersey, 43 
treatment of Indians, 16, 17 

Quarry, Robert, 266 

Quay, Matthew Stanley, 168 



Races, American, 9 

white, 18 
Radnor, 49 

Raih-oad companies organized, 259 
Railroads, early, 258 

Lehigh Valley, 260 

Pennsylvania, 132, 260 

Philadelphia and Reading, 133, 
260 

present system of, 259 

State abandons control of, 138 

State builds, 132 
Ralph, James, the most prominent 

early American author, 179 
Ramsay, David, 91, 188 
Rawle, William, 219 
Read, Thomas Buchanan, 187, 283 
Reading, 145 
Reading Furnace, 234 
Reading, Washington's suppUes at, 

93 
Rebellion, Pennsylvania losses in, 
158 

the first, 37 

threatens Pennsylvania, 145, 150 
Reed, Joseph, 108, 168, 255 
Reed, WiUiam B., 221 
Reeder, Andrew H., 139 
Reform legislation, 168 
Religion, Indian, 14 



ReUgious sects, early, 262 

Republican Party, first convention, 
142 

"Reserve Volunteer Corps,'' 146 

Revolutionary War, 75, 88 

Reynolds, John F., 146, 151 

Richardson, Joseph, 275 

Richardson, Tacey, story of, 275 

Ridder, Peter Hollander, 31 

Ridley Creek, 21 

Riots in Philadelphia, 137 

Ritner, Joseph, 134, 136 

Rittenhouse, David, 60, 88, 116, 192 
observes transit of Venus, 77 

Rittenhouse, William, 50 

Roach, John, and Sons, ship-build- 
ers, 250 

Roads, early, 254 

Robbers, stories of, 275 

Roman Catholic churches burned, 
137 

Roman Catholics, 270 

among the Germans, 271 
in Berks County, 271 
in Lancaster County, 271 
in Montgomery County, 271 
in Philadelphia, 271 

Romance, 272 

Rose, Aquila, 181 

Ross, George, 82 

Rothermel, P. F., 207 

Rouse ville, oil at, 245 

Royal, John, 271 

Rush, Benjamin, 141, 210 

Rush, Wllham, 204 

Rutter, Thomas, 62, 233 

Ryan, Patrick John, 271 



Sackett's Harbor, battle of, 120 
St. Clair, Arthur, 85, 106 

Commander-in-chief, 106 



312 



INDEX 



St. Clair, Arthur, manufactures iron, 

238 
St. David's Church founded, 54 
St. Georges' M. E. Church, 270 
St. James' Church founded, 54 
Salt, manufacture of, 246 
"Sampler," 198 
Sandiford, Ralph, 141 

books on slavery, 173 
opposes slavery, 172 
''Sanitary Fair," 157 
Sargent, John, 137 
Sartain, John, 206 
Saw mills, 246 
Saws, manufacture of, 251 
Say lor, David O., 246 
Scarooyadi, an Indian chief, 66 
Schaeffer, Nathan C, 232 
Schlatter, Michael, 269 
Schneider, Theodore, 271 
Scholarship, early, 60 
School Code, 232 
School houses, early, 224, 226 

eight square, 225 
Schoolmasters, old-time, 23, 226 
Schools, charity, 225 

Moravian, 224 

normal, 231 

of medicine, 210 
Schuylkill, 22, 76, 263 

Dutch on the, 21 

Revolutionary movements on, 93 
Schuylkill Navigation Company, 258 
Schwenkfeld, Caspar, 41, 59, 268 
Schwenkfelders in Montgomery 

County, 59, 268 
Science, 108, 190 

beginnings of, 60 
Scotch Irish and the Quakers, 75 
in Chester County, 58 
in Lancaster County, 58 
in the Cumberland Valley, 59 
in the interior, 266 



Scott, Thomas A., Assistant Secre- 
tary of War, 148 
President of Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, 261 
Scott, Winfield, at Chippewa, 121 
Scottdale, Soldiers' Orphans School 

at, 161 
Scull, Nicholas, 60 
Second Continental Congress, 84 
Shackamaxon Treaty, 15, 48 
Sharon, 241 

Sharswood, George, 220 
Shee, John, 85 
Ship-building on the Delaware, 19, 

250 
Shippen, Edward, becomes Mayor of 

Philadelphia, 57 
Shippen, Joseph, 71 
Shippen, Wilham, 210 
Shippensburg, 274 
Sholes, Christopher Latham, 252 
Shunk, Francis R., 132, 137 
Sickles, Daniel E., at Gettysburg, 

155 
Six Nations, 67 
Skippack Creek, 263 
Skippack Road, 94 
Slave holders in Pennsylvania, 171 
Slave trade, 170 
Slavery, 170 

abolition of, 110 

contests over, 137 

first protest against, 50, 141, 170 

importation duties against, 172 

movements against, 141, 174 
Slaves, number of, in 1790, 108 

Pennsylvania a refuge for, 175 
Slemmer, A. J., commands Fort 

Pickens, 144 
Slocum, Frances, story of, 275 
Small, Wilham F., 145 
Smith, Captain John, sails up the 

Susquehanna, 18 



INDEX 



313 



Smith, Charles F., 148 

Smith, WilUam, 60, 184, 192, 203, 

225 
Smithers, James, 206 
Smithies, 246 

Snyder, Simon, 116, 117, 119 
Social experiment, fii-st in America, 

24 
Soldiers' orphans schools, 161 
''Song of the Camp," 286 
Southeby, William, 172 
South River, 18, 22, 24, 31, 253 

becomes the Delaware, 36 
Sower Bibles, 181 

Sower, Christopher, 62, 205, 223, 
230 

his almanacs, 181 

his Bibles, 181 
Spanish-American War, Pennsyl- 

vanians in, 165 
Sprogell, John Henry, 216 
Stage Hnes, 256 
Stamp Act, 78 

repealed, 79 

resented in Philadelphia, 78 
Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of 
War, 159 

United States Attorney-gen- 
eral, 143 
Stanwix, Major-general, 72 
State abandons control of railroads, 

138 
State Capital established at Harris- 

bm-g, 129 
State Capitol bm-ned, 164 

new building erected, 167 
State Constabulary, 167 
State Constitution of 1776, 88 

of 1790, 108 

of 1837, 137 

of 1873, 162 
State forestry, 165 
State highways,' 168 



Steamboat invented by John Fitch, 
117 

Steel, early manufacture of, 235 

Steelton, 239 

Steeper, John, 206 

Steuben, Baron, 96 

Stevens, Thaddeus, 137, 168 

canal commissioner, 132, 134 " 
views and character of, 160 

Stewart, Charles, commands the 
"Constitution," 124 

Stiegel, Baron Henry WiUiam, 130, 
236, 247 

Still, WiUiam, 176 

Stony Point captured by Wayne, 
101 

Stories, 272 

of James Annesley, 272 

of the Accursed Mill, 276 

of Captain Samuel Brady, 274 

of Mrs. Bozarth, 274 

of Lydia Darragh, 276 

of freebooters and robbers, 275 

of James Gibbons, 277 

of Indians, 273 

of Molhe Pitcher, 276 

of Tacey Richardson, 275 

of Frances Slocum, 275 

''Story of Kennett," 188, 219 

Stoves, manufacture of, 236 

Street railways, 261 

Stuart, Gilbert, 201, 205 

Stuart, J. E. B., raids Chambers- 
burg, 150 
separated from Lee, 151 

Stuyvesant, Peter, becomes gover- 
nor, 22 

Sugar, maple, 11 

SuUy, Thomas, 201, 205 

Surgeons, 211 

Susquehanna Company, 77 

Susquehanna County, 148, 253 

Susquehanna, Department of, 152 



314 



INDEX 



Susquehanna River, 9, 18, 19, 48, 64, 

70, 73, 102, 153, 253, 257, 266 
"Swanandael," 20, 24 
Swarthmore College, 228 
Swedes and Dutch, 21 
Swedes build new forts, 32 

form a company, 27 

homes of, 31 

on the Delaware, 27 
Swedish charter, 28 
Swedish colony, end of, 34 
increases, 32 



T 



Talleyrand in Philadelphia, 113, 
185 

Tamanend, 48 

Taney, Roger B., 134, 227 

Tannehill, Adamson, 119 

Tarentum, 243 

''Taufschein," 197 

Taylor, Bayard, 188 

his best-known poem, 286 
his "Story of Kennett," 188 

Taylor, Christopher, 47 

Tea ship sent away, 81 

Tea Tax, Pennsylvania leads oppo- 
sition to, 80 

Teedyuscung, 10 

Tener, John K., improves State 
highways, 168 

Textile manufactures in Philadel- 
phia, 251 

Thackeray first published in Phila- 
delphia, 184 

Thomas, David, 241 

constructor of Erie Canal, 133 

Thompson, William, 89 

Thomson, Charles, 82 

Thomson, John, 258 

Thomson, John Edgar, 260 

Three Rivers, battle of, 89 



"Ticonderoga," 124 

Tilghman, Benjamin Chew, 252 

Tilghman, James, 240 

Tinicum Island, 32, 33, 39 

Titusville, fh-st oil well at, 244, 245 

natural gas at, 246 
Tobacco, 11, 30 
Tomahawk, origin of word, 12 
Torkillus, Reorus, first clergyman, 

28, 33 
Traders killed by Indians, 16 
Tram-roads, 258 
Transportation, 253 

of oil, 245 
Trappe, 110, 191 

Lutheran Church at, 268, 269 
Treaty, Penn's, 15, 48 

Shackamaxon, 15, 48 
Trenton, battle of, 91 
Trichina, discovery of, 195 
Tripoli, Decatur at, 123 
Trolley roads, 261 
"Tulip Ware," Pennsylvania Ger- 
man, 200 
Turnpikes, 257 

State builds, 130 
Tyson, James, 214 



V 



Underground Railroad, 141, 175 
"Union Volunteer Refreshment 

Saloon," 149 

United States Constitution adopted, 

105 

sympathy with France, 113 

University of Pennsylvania, 227, 229 

University of Pennsylvania Medical 

School, 210, 211 
Upland (Chester), 40, 45 

Court at, 38 

Penn lands at, 46 
Utie, Nathaniel, 23 



INDEX 



315 



Valley Forge, American Army at, 95 

early school at, 225 

iron forge at, 234 

made a State park, 166 

the Forge burned, 93 

the spirit of, 103 
"Valley of the Swans," 20 
Van Bebber, Matthias, 58 
Van Bram, Jacob, 64 
Van Twiller, Wouter, 21 
Van Vlecq, Paul, 269 
Venango County, 64 
Villages, Indian, 10 
Volney in Philadelphia, 113, 185 
"Vorschrift," 197 



W 



Wade, Lydia, first frees slaves, 174 
"Wagoner of the AUeghanies," 283 
Wagons, Conestoga, 255 

furnished to Washington, 255 
numerous in Colonial times, 255 
Walker, Daniel, 235 
Walker, John H., 162 
Wanamaker, John, merchant, 251 
War of 1812, 118, 119 
Warren Tavern, battle of, 93 
Warwick Furnace, 235 
Washington County, 110 
Washington, George, 60, 64, 66, 68, 
72, 111, 113 
at battle of Brandywine, 92 
at Pennypacker's Mills, 94 
at Princeton, 91 
at Trenton, 91 
at Valley Forge, 96 
begins his career in Pennsylva- 
nia, 66 
Commander of American Army, 
85 



Washington, George, last mihtary 
service, 112 

messenger to the French, 64 

near Pottstown, 93 

on a pie-plate, 201 

President, 113 

presides over Constitutional 
Convention, 105 

surrenders Fort Necessity, 67 
Washington and Jefferson College, 

228 
"Wasp" and "Hornet," 123 
Waterways, 255 
Watmough, John G., 122 
Wayne, Anthony, 82, 89, 93 

at battle of Brandywine, 93 

at battle of Germantown, 95 

at Fallen Timbers, 106 

at Monmouth, 99 

at Valley Forge, 96 

buried at St. David's, 266 

captures Stony Point, 101 

Colonel, 85 

Commander-in-Chief, 106 

in the South. 102 
Weaving, 130, 247 
Webb, Thomas, 270 
Weiser, Conrad, 58 
Weiss, George Michael, 269 
"Welcome," Penn sails in, 46 
Welsh, Episcopahans, 266 

Quaker settlers, 49 
Welsh, John, President of the Cen- 
tennial Exposition, 163 
Wesley, John, 270 
West, Benjamin, 15, 48, 201 

at Lancaster, 203 

birth, 202 

famous paintings, 203 
Western Pennsylvania Hospital, 

213 
Western University of Pennsylva- 
nia, 213, 228 



316 



INDEX 



Westmoreland County, 110, 139, 

157, 212, 274 
Westtown School, 228 
Wetzel, Lewis, 273 
Wharton, Thomas, 99 
Wharton, Thomas, Jr., SS, 108 
Whiskey Insurrection, 110 
Whitefield, George, 60 
White Marsh, battle of, 95 

Lydia Darragh at, 276 
White, Wilham, 266 
Whittier, John G., in Philadelphia, 
187 

poem on Joseph Ritner, 136 
Wicaco, Swedish village, 40 
Wigwams, 10, 12 
Wilkes-Barre, 240, 275 
Williamsport, lumber industry at, 

251 
Wilmington, 20 
Wilmot, David, 142 
Wilmot Proviso, 142 
Wilson, Alexander, 186, 194 
Wilson, James, 82, 105, 108, 217 
Wingohocking, 17 
Wissahickon Creek, 51, 263 
Wister, Owen, 189 
Witchcraft, 49, 216 
Witt, Cliristopher, 200, 209 



Wolf, George, Governor, 134, 231, 
257 
estabhshes public schools, 135, 
230 
Woman's Medical College, 212 
Woolman, John, 174 
Wrightsville bridge burned, 153 

Early's cavalry at, 152 
Wyoming massacre, 100, 273 
Wyoming, settlement at, 64, 77, 

273 
Wyoming Valley, coal discovered in, 
240 



Yarn ALL, John J., 127 

Yellow fever in Philadelphia, 106, 

211 
Yellow Springs, Soldiers' Orphans 
School at, 161 
Washington's army at, 93 
York, Congress at, 94 

Early's cavalry at, 152 
York County, 237 



Zenger famous libel suit, 217 
Zinzendorf, Count, 269 



